Trace elements/toxins Flashcards
Essential elements definition
trace elements
ultratrace elements
often have?
if a deficient impares a biochem process and replacement of the element corrects the impairemtn
trace elements: needed in mg
ultra trace: ug
often have cofactors
Non essential
trace elements….
trace elements are of interest becasuee many are toxic
Instruments/methods
attention to?
prevent?
tube tops?
attention to detail, measures to prevent contam
royal blue tubes
Atomic emission spectroscopy
quant of elem by measuring intensity….
quant of elem by measuring intensity of radiation from aerosolized samples
Atomic absoprtion spectro
or….fa…gp
determ of elem quantity through absorpt of optical radiation by free atoms in gas phase
AAS
what type of light source?
lamps?
elements?
most common??
what measures liquid and solid samples?
HCL light source
EDL lamps
copper/iron/zinc
flame most common
GFAAS measures liquid and solid samples
Interference
spect…
spectroscopic/non
Elemental speciation
toxicity…
toxicity of elements depends on form, hyphenated
Alt techniques
A/AD/I/G
ASV,ADSV,IC,Gas chrom
Aluminum
most abund
color
excreted by?
conduct….
interferes with?
causes?
routes?
most abund metal in earths crust
silver white
95% excret by urine
heat/electrical conduction
interferes with enzymes
anemia bone disease and dementia
Ingestion, inhalation, parental absorption
Arsenic
forms?
found in?
largest source of exposure?
low doses?
most common?
toxic forms?
metallic/non metallic
pesticides, manufacturures
largest source of exposure is foods
fatal at low doses
most common posion in hxt
INORGANIC/METHYLATED IS TOXIC
Cadmium
soft….
locations?
mode of aquosition?
higher in?
no role?
soft blue white metal
industry/soil/rice
ingestion/inhalation
higher in females and smokers
no role in human physiology
Chromium
st
aquizition?
CR3+
CR6+
causes?
bound?
stainless steel
ingest/inhalation/adsorpt dermals
CR3+ insulin action
CR6+ oxidizing agent
transport bound to albumin and transferrin
lung irritation/dermatitis
Copper
m
h/e
important….critical for
excreted in bile how much %
important for
what disease? causes
malluble
heat/electrical conduction
important cofactor and critical for reduction of iron in heme synth
exc in bile 98%
import for metalloenzymes
WILSONS DISEASE (increase urine iron)
Iron
fe+3 must…
important for…
de/o
bound?
iron def %
FE+3 must be reduced to be reabsorbed
imporant for hgb/mgb/enzymes
deficiencies/overloads
transport bound to proteins ferritin
iron de 15% population world wide
Serum iron
Transferrin
Percent sat
Ferritiin
S: fe+3 iron bound, early morning sample
Transferrin: Iron transport protein UIBC
P: serum iron to UIBC
F: iron storage, most sensitive/reliable
Lead
mall….white duc
found in
primary route
no …
high absorbance in. ….and
malluble blue/white ductile
gas/paint
primary injestion/inhalation
no human role
high absorbance in children
highest abs in bone
Maganese
production of
route?
found in?
important for?
deficiency?
toxicity?
production of steel
ingestion
fat and bone
import for metalloenzymes/enzyme activiation
deficiency: Clot issues
Toxcicity: crying/laughing mania
Mercury
also called?
Hg…..(3)
most common route?
toxicity where? damages?
quicksilver, liquid at rt
Hg0, HgH, Hg2+
inhalation most common
CNS/PNS toxicity, damages organs before sympt occur
molybdenum
abs by….
bound to…
main excretion?
important?
rare?
abs by ingestion
bound to A2-macro
main urinary excretion
important cofactor
deficiency/toxicity rare
Selenium
found in? e/d
a/ts
card…C
electronics dandruff
antioxidant and thyroid synth
cardimyopathy CNS
Zinc
blue white listrous….
air exposure?
most common route?
located in?
excreted?
what enzyme activity?
def causes?
blue white listrous covered in white with air exposure
ingestion most common
muscle and bones
fecal excretion
enzyme activity DNA/RNA
def causes growth inhibition/testicular atrophy
Vitamin deficiency
causes by poor diet or competeing organisms like parasites
Vitamin insuficiency
increased metabolism…..
increased metabolism mandates intake/absorption of greater than normal levels
