INTRO TO ENDOSKELETON

Question 1

Provides body shape
Supports its weight
* Serves as levers that together with muscles produces movement
* Protects soft parts
nerves, blood vessels, and other viscera

Answer 1

SKELETON

Question 2

formed from or within the integument
DERMIS
bone
epidermis to keratin

Answer 2

EXOSKELETON

Question 3

deep within the body from mesoderm and other sources
Includes:
fibrous connective tissue, bone, and cartilage

Answer 3

ENDOSKELETON

Question 4

(within the integument)

Answer 4

Exoskeleton

Question 5

(deep, within the body)

Answer 5

Endoskeleton

Question 6

Exoskeleton types

Answer 6

Keratinized exoskeleton (from epidermis)
Bony exoskeleton (from dermis)

Question 7

Endoskeleton types

Answer 7

Bony exoskeleton
Cartilaginous Endoskeleton
Notochord

Question 8

Skull

Answer 8

Cranial

Question 9

vertebral column, limbs, girdles, and associated structures, such as ribs and shells.

Answer 9

Postcranial skeleton

Question 10

Parts of the Endoskeleton

Answer 10

Notochord
Derivatives of Notochord

Question 11

Derivatives of Notochord

Answer 11

❑ Skull
❑ Vertebral Column

Question 12

❑ First endoskeleton of the chordates
❑ Principal endoskeleton of the lower chordates

Answer 12

Notochord

Question 13

Parts of the Endoskeleton

Answer 13

AXIAL
APPENDICULAR

Question 14

AXIAL

Answer 14

• SKULL
• VISCERAL SKELETON
• VERTEBRAL COLUMN
• RIBS
• STERNUM

Question 15

APPENDICULAR

Answer 15

• PECTORAL GIRDLE
• PELVIC GIRDLE
• APPENDAGES

Question 16

The Skeletogenous Regions

Answer 16

MYOTOMES
Myoseptum or Myocomma

Question 17

a transverse partition or plate of mesenchyme

Answer 17

Myoseptum or Myocomma

Question 18

Consist of those portions of th epimeres remaining after the formation of mesenchyme
 Grow down between the skin and the digestive tract

Answer 18

MYOTOMES

Question 19

All of the endoskeleton proper is first composed of

Answer 19

cartilage

Question 20

The endoskeleton of elasmobranchs, for example, is composed entirely of

Answer 20

cartilage

Question 21

In most vertebrates, the cartilage is replaced by the development of

Answer 21

bone

Question 22

Not all of their bones arise in this manner, but some of them develop directly from the

Answer 22

mesenchyme

Question 23

is located on the anterior or head portion of the shark.

Answer 23

chondrocranium

Question 24

This process involves the replacement of hyaline cartilage with bone. It begins when mesoderm-derived mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes.

Answer 24

Endochondral Ossification

Question 25

This process involves the direct conversion of mesenchyme to the bone.

Answer 25

Intramembranous Ossification

Question 26

females are observed to be larger than males in sharks

Answer 26

true

Question 27

lateral projection that is anterior to the orbit

Answer 27

Antorbital process

Question 28

a thick projecting shelf that forms the dorsal wall of the orbit

Answer 28

Supraorbital crest

Question 29

capsule that encloses the auditory organs

Answer 29

Otic capsule

Question 30

can be found below the chondrocraium

Answer 30

mandibular arch

Question 31

mandibular arch It is a semicircular arch that tapers anteriorly if viewed laterally

Answer 31

Palatoquadrate

Question 32

mandibular arch More planar and slender opposed to the Palatoquadrate Laterally, one can distinguish a triangular outline

Answer 32

Meckel’s cartilage:

Question 33

Splanchnocranium Support for the tongue

Answer 33

Basihyal

Question 34

is known for its segmented hoops placed on one behind the other. It is lightweight.

Answer 34

Splanchnocranium

Question 35

sharks It is a U-shaped structure consisting of two curved rods known as the suprascapular cartilages that extend dorsally At the intersection of the head, trunk and forelimbs

Answer 35

Pectoral girdle

Question 36

sharks display a rigid and somewhat semi-circular or U-shaped in appearance, up until the claspers. The pelvic girdle and pelvic fin may be found along the the posterior side of the vertebral column of the shark, just before the cloaca.

Answer 36

Pelvic Girdle

Question 37

Parts of the typical vertebra of the shark

Answer 37

1. Centrum 2. Notochord 3. Spinal cord 4. Vertebral canal (neural canal) 5. Dorsal intercalary plates 6. Hemal canal 7. Hemal arch 8. Ventral intercalary plates 9. Notochord 10. Basapophyses 11. Ribs

Question 37

may be found on the most posterior end of a shark’s skeletal structure

Answer 37

Caudal Vertebrae

Question 38

a shark is divided into two major morphological regions

Answer 38

a. Trunk (dorsals) - cranial to the anus b. Tail (caudals) - caudal to the anus

Question 39

a shark's centrum is __________, where the anterior and posterior ends display concavities.

Answer 39

amphicoelous

Question 40

Sharks display __________ with the presence of two centra and two sets of neural and hemal arches at the caudal region of the vertebra.

Answer 40

caudal diplospondyly

Question 41

basic components of the shark’s visceral skeleton

Answer 41

mandibular arch hyoid apparatus gill arches

Question 42

mandibular arch parts (sharks)

Answer 42

palatoquadrate and meckel’s cartilage

Question 43

hyoid apparatus 2 sections

Answer 43

hyoid arch gill arches

Question 45

hyoid arch parts

Answer 45

hyomandibular ceratohyal basihyal

Question 45

heart-shaped” and is larger than the cervical but smaller than the lumbar vertebrae in size. (chicken)

Answer 45

Thoracic Vertebrae

Question 45

Creates the structure for the neck. It is connected at the base of the skull and extends into the thoracic vertebrae form an S-shaped structure (chicken)

Answer 45

Cervical vertebrae

Question 46

This portion is composed of 4 to 5 free caudal vertebrae, along with transverse processes and a flattened bone (sometimes triangular) called pygostyle Together they form the caudal vertebrae curving upwards. (chicken)

Answer 46

caudal vertebrae

Question 46

formed through the fusion of 3 to 4 caudal vertebrae. (chicken)

Answer 46

pygostyle

Question 47

It is a fusiform structure, which is formed by the fusion of thoracic, lumbas, sacral and caudal vertebrae.(chicken)

Answer 47

Synsacrum

Question 48

It is a blade-shaped bone and is one of the three bone that made up the hip bone.(chicken)

Answer 48

Ilium

Question 49

head of the humerus of a chicken is

Answer 49

ellipsoid

Question 50

of the chicken wing contains only one cone-shaped phalanx, while the other two consist of two phalanges.

Answer 50

1st digit (Alula)

Question 51

different processes projecting from the vertebrae

Answer 51

Odontoid Process Prezygapophyses and Postzygapophyses Hypapophyses Pleurapophyses Uncinate processes Diapophyses Parapophyses Transverse Processes Xiphisternal Process Olecranon Process Pectineal processes

Question 52

have smooth sternum since it lacks a keel. Since they have an absent of keel, they are unable to fly; most commonly described as running birds. Additionally their clavicles are small or does not exist. Pygostyle is not present. have their coracoid and sternum fused.

Answer 52

Ratite

Question 53

have a keel present, enabling them to fly since this is where their wing muscles anchor, prolonging their duration on air. Clavicles are present and well-developed with frequent use. Pygostyle is present.Their sternum and coracoid are connected with ligaments

Answer 53

Carinate

Question 54

Shape: Ring-like structure with lateral masses. Size: Small and compact, approximately 2-3 centimeters in diameter

Answer 54

Atlas (C1 Vertebra):

Question 55

Shape: Features an upward peg-like projection called the odontoid process. Size: Larger than the atlas, with an additional 1-2 centimeters in height due to the odontoid process

Answer 55

Axis (C2 Vertebra):

Question 56

The cranial part of the sacrum articulates cranially with the lumbar spine and with the pelvic girdle. The caudal part of the

Answer 56

sacral vertebrae

Question 57

term primarily used in the context of amphibian anatomy, particularly in frogs and some salamanders. It is a bony or cartilaginous structure at the posterior end of the vertebral column, serving as the fused extension of the vertebral column in the tail region.

Answer 57

Urostyle

Question 58

is a structure found in the human skeleton, also known as the tailbone.ygostyl. It is located at the base of the vertebral column, below the sacrum.

Answer 58

Coccyx

Question 59

a structure found in the anatomy of certain birds, especially those belonging to the group called Neornithes (modern birds) It is located at the posterior end of the vertebral column, just before the tail feathers (rectrices).

Answer 59

Pygostyle

Question 60

are free-floating and are only attached through muscles. This adaptation allows the cat to squeeze itself into tight spaces, to extend their stride, and to lengthen their bodies. This is advantageous for cats who are solitary hunters that rely on stealth, explosive power, and flexibility (cat)

Answer 60

pectoral girdle

Question 61

odd-toed

Answer 61

Perissodactyla

Question 62

Any of various hoofed mammals, having an even number of toes on each foot

Answer 62

artiodactyl