INTRO TO EVOLUTION PT. 1 & 2

Question 1

Define evolution. (3)

Answer 1

• decent with modification
• change over time
• all organisms are related through an unbroken chain of events

Question 2

Why is evolution both fact and fiction?

Answer 2

fact: there is a genealogical connection between living things
theory: propositions used to explainthe causes of evolutionary change (i.e. darwin’s theory of natural selection)

Question 3

what year did darwin propose his theory of natural selection?

Answer 3

1859

Question 4

what ship did Darwin travel on?

Answer 4

HMS Beagle

Question 5

what were Darwin’s three arguments for Natural Selection?

Answer 5

• living things tend to multiply
• progeny cannot all survive due to resources
• living things vary; some are better equipped

Question 6

who coined the term ‘survival of the fittest’?

Answer 6

Herbert Spencer

Question 7

Darwin + Mendel =

Answer 7

Neodarwinism

Question 8

Neo-Darwinism

Answer 8

Darwinism as modified by the findings of modern genetics

Question 9

Darwin’s Theory of Pangenesis

Answer 9

‘Blending’ of genes

Question 10

What Mendel called a ‘heritable factor’ is what we now call a ______.

Answer 10

gene

Question 11

An organism with two identical alleles for a character is said to be ______ for the gene controlling that character

Answer 11

homozygous

Question 12

An organism that has two different alleles for a gene is said to be ______ for the gene controlling that character

Answer 12

heterozygous

Question 13

are heterozygotes or homozygotes true-breeding?

Answer 13

homozygotes

Question 14

What concept did Mendel work with?

Answer 14

Inheritance

Question 15

how many pairs of genes are in humans?

Answer 15

22 autosome, 1 sex chromosome

Question 16

August Weisemann

Answer 16

germ plasm theory, inheritance takes place by means of the germ cells. Somatic cells do not function as agents of heredity

Question 17

germ cell

Answer 17

gametes (egg or sperm cells)

Question 18

Somatic cell

Answer 18

non-reproductive cells

Question 19

mitosis

Answer 19

cell growth

2N > 2N

Question 20

meiosis

Answer 20

chromosome number halved

2N>1N

Question 21

what are four causes of gene variations?

Answer 21

• combination
• reassortment
• dominance/supression
• mutation

Question 22

who revealed an elegant double-helical model for the structure of DNA?

Answer 22

Watson and Crick

Question 23

what does DNA stand for?

Answer 23

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Question 24

what traits does DNA pass on?

Answer 24

biochemical, anatomical, physiological and behavioural

Question 25

Four bits that make up DNA

Answer 25

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine

Question 26

What pairs with Adenine?

Answer 26

Thymine

Question 27

what pairs with Guanine?

Answer 27

Cytosine

Question 28

what is Watson and Crick's model's name? what does it mean?

Answer 28

semiconservative model of replication. when the double helix replicates, each daughter molecule will have one old strand and one new strand

Question 29

DNA replication

Answer 29

DNA>DNA

Question 30

Transcription

Answer 30

DNA>RNA

Question 31

what is another name for polypeptide?

Answer 31

protein. many amino acids

Question 32

what does PCR stand for? what does it mean?

Answer 32

Polymerase Chain Reaction. | can produce many copies of a specific target segment of DNA

Question 33

what are the three steps of PCR, and what is this process called?

Answer 33

thermo cycling. - heating - cooling - replication

Question 34

what is the 'key' to PCR?

Answer 34

Taq polymerase, a heat-stable dna polymerase.

Question 35

three things that DNA cloning allow researchers to do:

Answer 35

- compare genes and alleles between individuals - locate gene expression in a body - determine the role of a gene in an organism

Question 36

sister taxa

Answer 36

groups that share an immediate common ancestor

Question 37

what is a 'rooted' phylogenic tree?

Answer 37

includes a branch to represent the last common ancestor of all taxa in the tree

Question 38

basal taxon

Answer 38

diverges early in the history of a group and originates near the common ancestor of the group

Question 39

PCR: basic concept

Answer 39

- allows us to sequence DNA | - used to understand relationships and produce phylogenetic hypothesis

Question 40

Watson and Crick discovered:

Answer 40

DNA

Question 41

what are three problems associated with Natural Selection?

Answer 41

This theory strips comforts as: - a guaruntee of progress - a principle of natural harmony - any notion of an inherent goal or purpose