Intro to GI tract

Question 1

Definition of ingestion

Answer 1

intake of food

Question 2

Definition of digestion

Answer 2

breakdown of food bit by bit into molecules small enough to be absorbed by cells

Question 3

Definition of absorption

Answer 3

transportation of productions into the blood

Question 4

Definition of assimilation

Answer 4

making food part of the cell

Question 5

Definition of elimination

Answer 5

removing unused food

Question 6

What valve is responsible for opening into the stomach and controlling regurgitation?

Answer 6

Cardiac sphincter

Question 7

Definition of mechanical digestion

Answer 7

physical breakdown

Question 8

Definition of chemical digestion

Answer 8

chemical breakdown due to enzymes

Question 9

What is the first part of the small intestine?

Answer 9

duodenum

Question 10

What is the second part of the small intestine?

Answer 10

jejunum

Question 11

What is the third part of the small intestine?

Answer 11

illeum

Question 12

Which colon goes up?

Answer 12

ascending colon

Question 13

Which colon goes over?

Answer 13

transverse colon

Question 14

Which colon goes down?

Answer 14

descending colon

Question 15

What is the liver’s job in digestion?

Answer 15

Make bile, which aids in digestion and absorption of fat

Question 16

What is the pancreas’ job in digestion?

Answer 16

release bicarbonate to neutralize intestinal contents, produce enzymes that digest carbs, protein, and fat

Question 17

What is the gallbladder’s job in digestion?

Answer 17

store bile and release it in to the small intestine when signaled

Question 18

What is the mouth’s job in digestion?

Answer 18

chew food ad mix with saliva

Question 19

What is the salivary gland’s job in digestion?

Answer 19

produce saliva, which contains amylase

Question 20

What is the pharynx’s job in digestion?

Answer 20

swallows chewed food mixed with saliva (bolus)

Question 21

What is the esophagus’ job in digestion?

Answer 21

move food bolus to stomach

Question 22

What is the small intestine’s job in digestion?

Answer 22

digests food and absorbs nutrients into blood or lymph

Question 23

What is the large intestine’s job in digestion?

Answer 23

absorb water/vitamins/minerals, hoe to intestinal bacteria, passes waste material

Question 24

What is the anus’ job in digestion?

Answer 24

opens to allow waste to leave the body

Question 25

What is peristalsis?

Answer 25

a wave-like movement that moves food down the esophagus and throughout the gi tract (involuntary muscle contractions)

Question 26

T/F dogs have salivary amylase but cats don't

Answer 26

False, they both do not produce salivary amylase

Question 27

______ helps in bolus formation and softening of feed as well as antibacterial action

Answer 27

saliva

Question 28

What is a normal pH of a nonruminant?

Answer 28

1-3

Question 29

What valve controls the amount of food that leaves the stomach and goes into the small intestine to not overload it?

Answer 29

pyloric sphincter

Question 30

What does protease break down?

Answer 30

proteins

Question 31

What does lipase break down?

Answer 31

fats

Question 32

What does amylase break down?

Answer 32

amylase

Question 33

Why is the stomach so acidic?

Answer 33

destroy bacteria and hydrolyze some proteins and disaccharides, activates the proenzyme pepsinogen to pepsin

Question 34

What is pepsinogen?

Answer 34

secreted by gastric glands and low stomach pH converts to pepsin

Question 35

What is pepsin?

Answer 35

pepsin helps digest protein and is probably more important for animal than plant protein digestion

Question 36

Where is lipase most active?

Answer 36

long-chain fatty acids

Question 37

The ____ is the largest gland and is a central organ in nutrient digestion and assimilation

Answer 37

liver

Question 38

_____ produced by the liver is important for _____ digestion and absorption

Answer 38

bile;lipid

Question 39

most bile acids are conjugated with _____

Answer 39

taurine

Question 40

What are the functions of the gallbladder?

Answer 40

storage of bile, releasing bile, regulating bile flow, bile pH regulation, absorption of certain vitamins in our body

Question 41

When chyme moves from the stomach to the duodenum, the ______ is stimulated to secrete digestive enzymes

Answer 41

pancreas

Question 42

Where does most enzymatic digestion occur?

Answer 42

small intestine

Question 43

What is intestinal mucosa?

Answer 43

It releases the hormones secretin and cholecystokinin (CCK) which regulate the output of pancreatic juice

Question 44

What does secretin increase?

Answer 44

bicarbonate secretion

Question 45

What does CCK increase?

Answer 45

pancreatic enzyme production

Question 46

T/F: CCK and pancreatic enzymes have a direct relationship

Answer 46

true

Question 47

T/F: The small intestine is highly coiled to fit in the body and acts as an immune organ

Answer 47

true

Question 48

The main increase in surface area of the small intestine is from ______

Answer 48

villi and microvilli

Question 49

What is the function of villi and microvilli?

Answer 49

enhance surface area and absoprtive capability

Question 50

Absorption of electrolytes/water and fermentation of some nutrients is the primary role of ______

Answer 50

the large intestine

Question 51

How long does undigested food stay in the large intestine of dogs and cats?

Answer 51

12 hours

Question 52

What are the end products of colonic fermentation?

Answer 52

short-chain fatty acids, lactate, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen gas

Question 53

T/F: : Long-chain fatty acids provide energy for colonocytes in the large intestine

Answer 53

False, short-chain fatty acids (butyrate) do

Question 54

What are the three parts of the large intestine?

Answer 54

cecum, colon, rectum

Question 55

What does a large cecum signify in an animal?

Answer 55

long gi tract and herbivore

Question 56

T/F: there is no chemical digestion in the colon

Answer 56

false, the bacteria partake in chemical digestion

Question 57

What kind of mechanical/chemical digestion takes place in the stomach?

Answer 57

mechanical: peristaltic mixing propulsion chemical: proteins and fats absorption: lipid-soluble substances (alcohol and aspirin)

Question 58

What kind of mechanical/chemical digestion takes place in the small intestine?

Answer 58

mechanical: mixing and propulsion chemical: carbs, fats, polypeptides, nucleic acids absorption: peptides, amino acids, glucose, fructose, fats, water, minerals, vitamins

Question 59

What kind of mechanical/chemical digestion takes place in the large intestine?

Answer 59

mechanical: segmental mixing and propulsion chemical: only by bacteria absorption: ions, water, minerals, vitamins, organic molecules

Question 60

What kind of mechanical/chemical digestion takes place in the mouth?

Answer 60

mechanical: mastication chemical: salivary amylase to break down carbs no absoprtion