Nutritional Toxicology

Question 1

What is toxicology?

Answer 1

the science dealing with the identification and study of poisons (toxicants) as well as the prevention and treatment of poisonings and toxicity diseases

Question 2

What is nutritional toxicology?

Answer 2

a subfield of toxicology that studies poisons and toxicants delivered to an animal orally

Question 3

What is the LD50 in small animal medicine?

Answer 3

the amount of toxin that kills 50% of animals

Question 4

What defines a toxin?

Answer 4

All substances are poisonous, but the dose differentiates a poison and remedy

Question 5

What is the difference between graded dose response and quantal dose response?

Answer 5

graded dose-response is an individual response characterized by dose-related changes in severity of the toxic response
quantal dose response is a population response characterized by dose changes in the number of individuals of a population responding

Question 6

What are the phases of toxicity?

Answer 6

exposure, toxicokinetic, and toxicodynamic

Question 8

The ______ determines the rate/extent of absorbtion

Answer 8

transporter

Question 9

______ dictate transportation

Answer 9

chemical properties

Question 10

Primary elimination is through the _____ and _______

Answer 10

urine and bile

Question 11

Secondary elimination happens through _________ ,________, __________, __________, and _________

Answer 11

lungs, sweat glands, salivary glands, mammary glands, and metabolism

Question 12

Mycotoxins are produced by _____

Answer 12

fungi

Question 13

Mycotoxins are associated with _____

Answer 13

food/feeds and in the field (during growth of a plant)

Question 14

What are the types of toxic modes of action?

Answer 14

reversible interactions, irreversible (covalent) interactions, and physical sequestration

Question 15

Swainsonine is also known as _____

Answer 15

Locoweed

Question 16

Tall Fescue and Endophyte have a _______ relationship

Answer 16

mutualistic, symbiotic

Question 17

Endophyte helps Fescue by ______

Answer 17

protecting against biotic and abiotic stress, alkaloid production, improved persistence and resistance to drought, deeper root development, increased tillering, improved nutrient uptake, nitrogen and increased water use efficiency

Question 18

Fescue helps Endophyte by _____

Answer 18

protecting, nutrition, and transmission

Question 19

Tall fescue + endophyte produced ergot alkaloids =

Answer 19

improved plant performance and ANIMAL TOXICITY

Question 20

What are effects of fescue toxicosis?

Answer 20

reduced reproductive performance (reduced conception, prolonged gestation), agalactia/reduced milk production, reduced growth performance (summer slump), heat stress complications (summer slump), and gangrene of extremities (loss of tail, ear tips, and feed; fescue foot)

Question 21

What is the effect of Swainsonine?

Answer 21

Swainsonine Induced Spongiform Encephalopathy

Question 22

What is Swainsonine mode of action?

Answer 22

Inhibition of mannosidase enzymes, lysosomal form (lysosomal storage disease), Golgi form (high mannose type glycoproteins)

Question 23

What species are primarily affected by nitrates?

Answer 23

cattle, goats, horses

Question 24

There is slow plant growth under:

Answer 24

heavy nitrogen fertilization and “Stress” of drought

Question 25

What is a nitrate accumulator?

Answer 25

redroot pigweed, cloudy weather and low temperatures

Question 26

Nitrate stays in dried forages but is ______ in ensiled forages (silages, haylage)

Answer 26

reduced

Question 27

Nitrates turn into ______ in ruminants

Answer 27

nitries

Question 28

Nitrites lead to ______ formation, which leads to anoxia and death since the blood cannot carry oxygen

Answer 28

methemoglobin

Question 29

Who is most susceptible to nitrate poisoning?

Answer 29

naive, young cattle hungry cattle cattle not adapted to high levels

Question 30

NItrate poisoning can lead to ______ if it reaches the fetus

Answer 30

abortion

Question 31

How do you prevent nitrate poisoning?

Answer 31

ensiling (reduces 40-60%), dilute with low nitrate feed, increase tolerance, apply nitrogen fertilizer annually (to soil and plant level needs), and sample and test forages for nitrate levels

Question 32

What species are susceptible to cyanide poisoning?

Answer 32

horses, cattle, sheep, swine, and goats

Question 33

Poisoning usually follows plant _____

Answer 33

damage

Question 34

What plants should not be grazed upon for at least 48 hours to 14 days?

Answer 34

frosted plants

Question 35

What are the effects of cyanide poisoning?

Answer 35

prevention of oxygen release, cherry red blood, dyspnea, weakness, paddling, seizure, death, severe respiratory difficulty, and sudden death

Question 36

What species are affected by Showy Crotalaria?

Answer 36

chickens, horses, cattle, swine - sheep, goats, mules, and dogs (of a lesser degree)

Question 37

What are the symptoms of Showy crotalaria ingestion?

Answer 37

causes severe liver disease poultry: diarrhea, pale comb, ruffled feathers, depression horses: chronic unthriftiness, incoordination, head press, jaundice cattle: bloody diarrhea, icterus, weakness swine: gastric hemorrhage, death, anemia, ascites, alopecia

Question 38

What is the treatment for Showy crotalaria?

Answer 38

no specific treatment

Question 39

What species are affected by Horsenettle (Nightshade)?

Answer 39

all livestock, poultry, humans

Question 40

What are the symptoms of Horsenettle (Nightshade)?

Answer 40

acute - GI tract lesions, mouth irritation chronics - unthriftiness, constipation, jaundice equine - colic

Question 41

What is the treatment for Horsenettle (Nightshade)?

Answer 41

supportive care, laxatives, absorbents

Question 42

What is the toxic principle of Showy crotalaria?

Answer 42

monocrotaline (alkaloid)

Question 43

What is the toxic principle of Horsenettle (Nightshade)?

Answer 43

solanine (alkaloid)

Question 44

What species are affected by oleander?

Answer 44

all livestock and humans

Question 45

What is the toxic principle of oleander?

Answer 45

glycosides (oleandroside and nerioside)

Question 46

What are the symptoms of Oleander ingestion?

Answer 46

severe gastroenteritis, diarrhea, abdominal pain, sweating, weakness, irregular heartbeat

Question 47

What is the treatment for Oleander digestion?

Answer 47

symptomatic (largely unsuccessful)

Question 48

A single leaf from what plant can cause death?

Answer 48

Oleander