intro to immunology

Question 1

Immunity:

Answer 1

resistance to infectious disease

Question 2

Immune system:

Answer 2

collection of cells, tissues, and molecules that mediate resistance to infections

Question 3

Immune response:

Answer 3

coordinated reaction of the immune system to infectious microbes

Question 4

Immunology:

Answer 4

study of the immune system, including its responses to microbial pathogens anddamaged tissues and its role in disease

Question 5

roles in the IS

Answer 5

infection defense
tumor defense
injure cells/induce pathogenic inflamm
recognize/respond to introduced tissues and proteins

Question 6

def. immunity and vaccines

Answer 6

Question 7

immune response can cause what pathologies

Answer 7

Question 8

immune repsones can be barriers to?

Answer 8

Question 9

Innate Immune Response components

Answer 9

• Epithelial barriers
• Phagocytes and Sentinel cells.
  ..Neutrophils
  ..Monocytes / Macrophages
  ..Dendritic cells
• Complement
• Natural Killer (NK) cells.
• IFN α/β (Type I interferons)

Question 10

innate immunity response time frame

Answer 10

Acts immediately or within hours.

Question 11

specificity of the innate IS, genetics?

Answer 11

Is not antigen specific- Instead, recognizes “Pathogen-associated molecular patterns” (PAMPs)that are shared by many different microbes, and Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs).
Genes encoding receptors that recognize PAMPs are present in the germ line. They do not undergo somatic recombination or hyper mutation.

Question 12

clonal expansion in the innate response

Answer 12

no

Question 13

self reactive or memory function of the innate

Answer 13

neither

Question 14

adaptive response components

Answer 14

- Humoral response
..Antibodies produced by B cells
- Cell-mediated response
..Cytotoxic T cells (CTLs)
..Helper T cells

Question 15

adaptive response time

Answer 15

days to weeks

Question 16

adaptive response specificity, genetics?

Answer 16

Is highly antigen-specific- Recognizes specific epitopes on
specific proteins of specific pathogens.

Functional genes encoding antigen receptors are not present in the germ
line. Instead, functional antigen receptor genes are generated by somatic recombination and mutation of germ line genes during maturation of B cells and T cells (prior to exposure to any antigens).

Question 17

clonal proliferation/selection

Answer 17

Clonal selection and proliferation of B and T lymphocytes specific for particular antigens following exposure to those antigens.

Question 18

memory/self reactive of the adaptive response

Answer 18

possesses memory

not self reactive

Question 19

types of adpative immunity

Answer 19

humoral and cellular

Question 20

humoral immunity
responds to?
effector cell? 
secretes?
effect?

Answer 20

responds to extracellualr microbes
b lymphocytes are the effectors
will secrete Ab
Ab bind the Ag and prevent infection/eliminate extracellualr microbes

Question 21

cell-mediated immunity

Answer 21

responds to phago microbes of microbes that have infected cells
responders are Th/ Tc
Th will respond to phago microbes with Ag presentation cauing them to produce activate the immune response/ eliminate phago microbes
Tc will kill infected cells

Question 22

Properties of adaptive immune responses

Answer 22

specifity 
diversity 
memory 
clonal expansion 
specialization 
contraction and homestasis 
non reactive to self

Question 23

specify functional significance

Answer 23

Question 24

diversity functional significance

Answer 24

Question 25

memory functional significance

Answer 25

Question 26

clonal expansion functional significance

Answer 26

Question 27

specialization functional significance

Answer 27

Question 28

contraction and homeostasis functional significance

Answer 28

Question 29

non-reactivity to self functional significance

Answer 29

Question 30

Clonal selection

Answer 30

naive lymphocytes with diverse receptors arise in lymph organs and encounter Ag and only those that react to it will expand Ag specific response will then occur

Question 31

Primary and secondary immune responses

Answer 31

enhanced response with additional exposure to same Ag/microbe, based on memory cells primary: slower/less seconday: fast and more

Question 32

types of lymphocytes

Answer 32

b and t

Question 33

b lymphocyte functions

Answer 33

mediate humoral immunity

Question 34

t lymphocyte function

Answer 34

mediate cellular immunity

Question 35

Ag presenting cells/ function

Answer 35

macrophages dendritic cells follicular dendritic cells b cells capture Ag for presentation to lymphocytes

Question 36

dendritic cells function

Answer 36

initiate t cell response

Question 37

macrophages active phase

Answer 37

effector phase of cell-mediated immunity

Question 38

follicular dendritic cell function

Answer 38

display Ag to B lymphocytes for humoral immunity

Question 39

effector cells/ functions

Answer 39

t lymphocytes macrophages granulocytes eliminate Ag

Question 40

t lymphocyes functions

Answer 40

activate phagocytes/ kill infected cells or supress immune response (Ts)

Question 41

macrophages function

Answer 41

killing of microbes/ phagocytosis

Question 42

granulocytes function

Answer 42

kill microbes

Question 43

b lymphocyte Ag recognition/ response

Answer 43

surface Ab bind Ag | dif to plasma cell and produce Ab to be released which can neutralize microbe, induce phago and complement

Question 44

Th cell action

Answer 44

Ag presented to Th by a presenting cell produces cytokines that can activate phago, inflam, and prolif of b and t lymphocytes

Question 45

Tc action

Answer 45

will recognize cell expressing Ag on it surface and kill it

Question 46

regulatory t lymphocyte actions

Answer 46

suppress immune responses to prevent self damage

Question 47

Maturation of lymphocytes

Answer 47

both begin in bone marrow but only B is completed here, T is completed at the thymus both are naive and migrate to lymphoid tissue where they can survey the lymph for Ag, spleen to survey blood, or mucosal surfaces

Question 48

naive t lymphocyte: migration frequency of cells responsive to particular Ag effector responses

Answer 48

peripheral Ln very low none

Question 49

activated t lymphocyte: migration frequency of cells responsive to particular Ag effector responses

Answer 49

inflammed tissues high cytokine secertion/ cytotoxic

Question 50

memory t lymphocyte: migration frequency of cells responsive to particular Ag effector responses

Answer 50

some at LN others at the mucosa and inflamed tissues low none

Question 51

naive b lymphocyte: Ig type affinty to produced Ig effector functions

Answer 51

IgM and IgD relatively low none

Question 52

active b lymphocyte: Ig type affinty to produced Ig effector functions

Answer 52

IgG,IgA,IgE increased Ab secretion

Question 53

memory b lymphocyte: Ig type affinty to produced Ig effector functions

Answer 53

IgG, IgA, IgE relatively high none

Question 54

lymphocytes at the LN

Answer 54

B and T here B at the periphery in follicles and T in the cortex, both survey lymph for Ag After lymphocytes activated by antigen, B & T cells migrate towards each other & meet at edge of follicle. There, helper T cells interact with and help B cells differentiate into antibody producing cells.

Question 55

Early innate immune response, if passed?

Answer 55

Innate defensive mechanisms to keep out microbes if defensive barriers are crossed: inflammation and antiviral mechanisms

Question 56

Phases of adaptive immune response diagrammed

Answer 56

Question 57

active immunity

Answer 57

microbial Ag present, infection occurs followed by recovery | possesses both specificity and memory

Question 58

passive immunity

Answer 58

serum with Ab presented to uninfected indiviual, infection occurs followed by recovery does have specifity, but no memory.