Intro to Infectious Disease Flashcards
1
Q
What do host flora do?
A
Occupy space and compete for essential nutrients
simulate cross-protective antibodies
Suppress growth of potentially pathogenic bacteria and fungi
2
Q
temp over what can signify infection.
A
> 37 C in adults
3
Q
How do you remember the order of the most number to least number of WBCS?
A
Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas Neutrophils Lymphocytes Monocytes Eosinophils Basophils
4
Q
What is a term that refers to neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils?
A
Granulocytes
5
Q
What is a term that describes a mature working neutrophil?
A
Seg
6
Q
What is a term that refers to an immature neutrophil?
A
Bands
7
Q
With increased bands there is what type shift?
A
Left shift
8
Q
What is the normal amount of bands?
A
<5%
9
Q
More bands is a sign of what?
A
Infection (really high numbers = cancer)
10
Q
What type of WBC phagocytozie microorgansisms?
A
neutrophils
11
Q
How do you calculate ANC?
A
WBC # x (% segs + % bands)
12
Q
The lower the ANC the what?
A
higher risk for infection
13
Q
What is mild ANC?
A
1000-1500 mm^3
14
Q
What is severe ANC?
A
<500 mm^3
15
Q
What is moderate ANC?
A
500-1000 mm^3
16
Q
Can antibiotics lead to neutropenia?
A
No, but a lot of other drugs can
17
Q
What type WBCs are effector cells of immune system and recognize invaders and tag them for removal and kill them.
A
Lymphocytes
18
Q
responsible for immune process against helminths and parasites (and allergic)
A
eosinophils
19
Q
what mediates the inflammatory response?
A
basophils
20
Q
Serve to replenish tissues with macrophages
A
monocytes
21
Q
what type bacteria has more peptidoglycan?
A
gram positive
22
Q
what does gram negative have?
A
lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
23
Q
what do you stain mycobacteria with?
A
Acid fast
24
Q
lowest concentration of antibiotic that inhibits visible growth of the bacteria
A
minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC)
25
For intermediate antimicrobial susceptible what do you want to do?
Use a higher dose of the antibiotic
26
What is you goal for the anitbiotic in term of MIC?
2-4x the MIC
27
Do you want to use a resistant antibiotic?
No
28
Which type of gram positive cocci is coagulase positive?
Staphylococcus aureus
29
What category does MRSA fall under?
S. aureus
30
Where is staphylococci found?
Skin and nose
31
What infections can staphylococci cause?
```
cellulitis, wounds, trauma
bacteremia/ endocarditis
pneumonia
osteomyelitis
UTI
post surgery infections
```
32
why is staphylococci a big player in post surgery infections?
it adheres to foreign material (ex- catheters, pins in limb) this is why there is antibiotic prophylaxis
33
What is staphlococcal resistant to?
```
Penicillin resistance (90%)
Methicillin resistance (50% of S. aureus are resistant, MecA gene)
```
34
Where is streptococcus found?
```
Skin
Mouth
Nasopharynx
Lower Gi
Female Genitlia
```
35
What type strep do you find in the female genital tract?
Group B- S. agalactiae
36
What causes Nec fascitis?
Group A- S. pyogenes
37
What can cause neonatal meningitis?
group B- Strep agalacitae
38
How do you treat step?
Penicillin
39
Where is pneumococci found?
Oropharynx
| Nasopharynx
40
What infections are cause by pneumococci?
```
otitis media
sinusitis
bronchitis
Pneumonia (CAP)
meningitis
```
41
Patients without a spleen can't clear what?
S. pneumoniae
H. influenze
N. meningitadis
42
What are patients with asplenia at risk for?
fulminant sepsis syndrome
43
what is used to treat pneumococci?
3rd gen. cephalosporins (ceftriaxone)
44
What is an opportunistic infection that is hard to treat and found in GI tract and female genital tract. (UTI, bacteremia, endocarditis, intra-abdominal infections)
Enterococci
45
What are important aerobic) gram negative rods (enterobacteriacea)
```
Enterobacter spp
Escherichia coli
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Proteus vulgaris
Proteus mirabilis
Serratia marcenena
```
46
What are 2 gram negative aerobic Cocci/coccobaccilli?
Haemophilis influenzae
| Nisseiria meningitidis
47
Where are enterobacteraciae found?
GI tract colonization
| Soil, water, vegetation
48
What type of bacteria causes 70% of UTIs?
enterobacteraciae
49
What else can enterobacteraciae cause?
intrabdominal infections
bactermia
nosocomial pneumonia
diabetic foot infections
50
Is reistance to enterobacteraciae common?
Yes, especially in hosptial patients
51
Is pseudomonas aeruginosa normal flora?
No
52
In what type patients can pseudomonas aeruginosa colonize upper respiratory tract?
COPD
| cystic fibrosis
53
Is pseudomonas aeruginosa an opportunist infection?
Yes- especially in immunocompromised patients, patients who have had broad spectrum antibiotics, ventilation equipment
54
What is pseudomonas responsible for?
HAP
febrile neutropenia
skin and soft tissue infections
UTIs
55
What is the mnemonic for remember of what to double cover
```
SPACE
Serratia
Pseudomonas
Acinetobacter
Citrobacter
Enterobacter
```
56
When is haemophilus more virulent?
Encapsulated (causes meningitis)
57
when does hameophilus influenzae colonize the upper resp tract, causes otitis media, sinusitis, CAP?
no capsule
58
What does the haemophilus influenzae vaccine target?
The capsulated form
59
Who are the only natural host of neisseria menigitidis?
Humans
60
What do anerboes colonize?
GI tract
vagina
intrabdominal infection
61
What infections are anerboes associated with?
intraabdominal infection, aspiration pneumonia, endometritis, PID, diabetic lower extremity infections, dental carries, head and neck
62
What are three atypical bacteria (not normal colonizers, not able to gram stain, multiply intracellularly)
Mycoplasma pneumonia
Legionella pneumophilia
Chlamydophila pneumoniae
63
What can atypical bacteria result in?
CAP (community acquired pneumonia)
64
```
Which of the following do not cause CAP?
Viridans streptococcus
S. pneumoniae
Atypicals
H. influenzae
```
Viridans streptococcus
65
What is the pneumonic that lets you know which bacteria have capsules?
```
Even Some Super Kills Have Pretty Nice Capsules
Escherichia Coli
Streptococcus Pneumoniae
Salmonella
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Neisseria meningitidis
Cryptococcus neoformans (yeast)
```
66
What are found in streptococci group?
Group A strep
| Virdans strep
67
What is the most common type of enterococcus?
Faecalis
68
What are 3 types of atypical bacteria?
Mycoplasma
chlamydia
legionella
69
What are 3 types of anaerobes?
Bacteroides
Clostridia
Prevotella
70
What two gram positive bacteria appear as chains of cocci?
Streptococcus pyrogens
| Viridans Streptococcus
71
What two types of gram positive bacteria appear as pairs of cocci?
Streptococcus pneumoniae
| Enterococcus spp.
72
What two types of gram positive bacteria appear as clusters of cocci?
Coagulase-Positive Staphylococcus (S. aureus)
| Coagulase-Negative Staphylococcus (S. epidermis)
73
What two types of gram positive bacteria appear as bacilli?
Listeria
| Lactobacillus
74
What two types of gram negative bacteria appear as cocci?
Neisseria menigitidis
| Neisseria gonorrhoeae
75
What six types of gram negative bacteria appear as bacilli?
```
Escherichia coli
Klebsiella spp.
Enterobacter spp.
Proteus spp.
Serratia marcescens
Pseudomonas spp.
```
76
What one type of bacteria appears as coccobacilli?
Haemophilus influenzae
77
What are the three types of enterococcus (gram positive cocci)? What is the most common type?
faecalis- most common
faceium
durans
78
Classify enterococcus
Gram positive cocci (pairs) aerobic
79
Classify staphylococcus aureus
Gram positive cocci (aerobic)
| appears in clusters
80
What bacteria causes group A beta hemolytic strep?
Streptococcus pyogenes
| Gram positive cocci, chains
81
What bacteria causes Group B beta hemolytic strep? Where does it often occur?
Streptococcus agalactiae
| Often in female genital tract
82
What causes Group D beta hemolytic strep? (nonenterococci). Where is it found?
Streptococcus bovis
| Found in lower GI
83
Classify viridans streptococcus.
Gram positive cocci appear in chains
84
Where does viridans streptococcus appear?
Mouth
Lower GI
Dental caries
Bacteremia/ endocarditis
85
What type of alpha hemolytic strep is specifically resistant to penicillin?
S. mitis
86
Classify streptococcus Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus).
Gram positive, cocci that appear in pairs
| Aerobic
