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Learner Development and the Science of Learning > Intro to Key Learning Theories > Flashcards

Intro to Key Learning Theories Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the focus of Behaviorism in learning theory?

A

Teacher directed instruction and mastery of basic skills

Behaviorism emphasizes conditioned behavior and operant conditioning.

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2
Q

Who are the key figures associated with Behaviorism?

A

Skinner, Hunter

These theorists contributed significantly to the development of behaviorist principles.

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3
Q

What are the types of reinforcement in Behaviorism?

A

Positive and negative reinforcement

Reinforcement is used to increase the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.

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4
Q

What instructional strategies are associated with Behaviorism?

A

Direct instruction, chunking, corrective feedback, guided practice, shaping

These strategies help in mastering skills through structured approaches.

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5
Q

What is the primary focus of Cognitivism?

A

Information processing and memory

Cognitivism addresses how people think, learn, and remember.

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6
Q

Who are the prominent theorists in Cognitivism?

A

Bandura

Bandura’s work emphasized the role of observational learning and self-efficacy.

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7
Q

What concepts are central to Cognitivism?

A

Memory, comprehension, thinking processes, working and long-term memory, metacognition

These concepts are crucial for understanding cognitive development.

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8
Q

What are mnemonic devices used for in Cognitivism?

A

To aid memory retention

Mnemonic devices help learners remember information through association.

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9
Q

What is the emphasis of Constructivism in learning theory?

A

Student-centered and interactive learning

Constructivism focuses on building knowledge through personal experiences.

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10
Q

Who are the key theorists associated with Constructivism?

A

Piaget, Vygotsky

These theorists highlighted the importance of social interactions in learning.

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11
Q

What are the key elements of Constructivism?

A

Active learning, real-world learning, realistic tasks, social interactions, collaboration, inquiry-based learning, problem-solving, scaffolding

These elements foster deeper understanding and engagement.

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12
Q

Fill in the blank: Constructivism emphasizes building from _______.

A

personal experience

This approach encourages learners to connect new knowledge with what they already know.

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13
Q

What is metacognition in the context of Cognitivism?

A

Awareness and understanding of one’s own thought processes

Metacognition involves self-regulation and reflection on learning strategies.

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14
Q

True or False: Behaviorism focuses on student-centered learning.

A

False

Behaviorism is primarily teacher-directed.

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15
Q

Conceptual frameworks that explain how individuals require knowledge, develop skills and change behaviors overtime.

A

Learning Theories

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16
Q

What is the best approach for learning according to the content?

A

Task-based learning

Task-based learning emphasizes engaging students in meaningful tasks to enhance learning.

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17
Q

What type of rewards are suggested to enhance learning?

A

Tangible rewards

Tangible rewards can motivate learners and reinforce positive behaviors.

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18
Q

What plays a crucial role in memory according to the text?

A

Repeated experiences

Memory is strengthened through consistent and repeated exposure to information.

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19
Q

Which learning theory focuses on observable behaviors?

A

Behaviorism

Behaviorism studies how people learn through interactions with their environment and focuses on observable actions.

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20
Q

What are measurable learning outcomes?

A

Specific, assessable goals that learners are expected to achieve

Measurable learning outcomes help in evaluating the effectiveness of the learning process.

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21
Q

What is the goal of guiding students in learning?

A

Mastering a set of predictable skills or behaviors

This approach ensures that students develop competencies that can be reliably assessed.

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22
Q

What does behaviorism study?

A

Measurable and observable behaviors

Behaviorism emphasizes the importance of behaviors that can be quantified and analyzed.

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23
Q

Fill in the blank: Learning is hardwired by _______.

A

repeated experiences

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24
Q

True or False: According to the content, learning outcomes should be vague and broad.

A

False

Learning outcomes should be clear and measurable to effectively guide the learning process.

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25
Which learning theory focuses on external stimuli shape behavior, emphasizing the focus on observable behaviors rather than internal mental processes?
Behaviorism
26
Illustrates how associations between stimuli can lead to learned responses.
Classical conditioning
27
Demonstrates how behaviors are strengthened or weakened.
Operant Conditions
28
Increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.
Reinforcement
29
Decreases the likelihood of a behavior reoccurring.
Punishment
30
A teacher-led traditional behaviorist teaching strategy
Direct instruction
31
What are the three main processes involved in memory?
Encoding, storage, and retrieval ## Footnote These processes are essential for forming and recalling memories.
32
How is learning described in the context provided?
Structured and computational ## Footnote This implies that learning follows specific frameworks and involves systematic processing.
33
What enhances learning according to the text?
Reasoning, clear objectives, and problem-solving ## Footnote These elements help to facilitate effective learning experiences.
34
What learning theory is mentioned in the text?
Cognitivism ## Footnote Cognitivism focuses on the mental processes involved in learning.
35
What influences learning as per the content?
Existing schema, previous experiences, and influencers ## Footnote These factors shape how individuals learn and process new information.
36
How can transfer of knowledge occur according to the text?
By duplicating knowledge constructs of the learner ## Footnote This suggests that learners can apply what they already know to new contexts.
37
What does the text suggest about observing new behavioral patterns?
It focuses on how to learn ## Footnote Observing behavior can provide insights into effective learning strategies.
38
What is a schema?
A generalization of past experiences that forms a scripted pattern of thought.
39
What is an example of a schema in everyday life?
The specific process one imagines when going to a restaurant.
40
What is assimilation?
The cognitive process of making new information fit in with existing understanding.
41
When does assimilation work?
When new information is close to what we already know.
42
What is accommodation?
The process of modifying an existing schema or forming a new one when new information is unique.
43
What happens if new information doesn't fit into an existing schema?
Accommodation is required to comprehend the new information.
44
How does color blindness illustrate accommodation?
A color blind person needs to experience color to accommodate the idea of it.
45
Who demonstrated how schemas alter perception and memory?
Frederic Bartlett.
46
What was the War of the Ghosts Experiment?
An experiment where British students recalled a strange Native American folk tale.
47
What is one outcome of the War of the Ghosts Experiment?
Omission of unfamiliar details.
48
Why did students omit details about hunting seals?
Because it did not fit into their cultural context and existing schema.
49
What is familiarization in the context of the War of the Ghosts Experiment?
Recalling unfamiliar experiences through familiar terminology, such as recalling hunting seals as fishing.
50
What is rationalization in memory recall?
Adding logical connections and reasons to make sense of the story during recall.
51
What did Bartlett conclude about long-term memories?
They are constantly being adjusted as schemata evolve with experience.
52
What existentialist view does Bartlett's findings support?
That people construct the past in a constant process of adjustment.
53
Who coined the term schema?
Jean Piaget.
54
Fill in the blank: A schema can be thought of as a _______.
[mental framework].
55
True or False: Long-term memories are fixed and immutable.
False.
56
What are examples of action verbs used in the construct phase?
construct, develop ## Footnote These verbs indicate activities that require learners to create or build something.
57
Which learning strategies are often associated with the construct phase?
problem-based learning, coaching, simulations ## Footnote These strategies emphasize active engagement and real-world application.
58
What are examples of action verbs used in the create phase?
critique, argue ## Footnote These verbs suggest analytical and evaluative thinking.
59
Which learning strategies are often associated with the create phase?
problem-based learning, coaching, simulations ## Footnote These strategies promote critical thinking and creativity.
60
What are examples of action verbs used in the analyze phase?
organize, compare, experiment ## Footnote These verbs involve breaking down information to understand relationships.
61
Which learning strategies are often associated with the analyze phase?
instructor-led discussions, demonstrations ## Footnote These strategies focus on structured guidance to facilitate understanding.
62
What are examples of action verbs used in the apply phase?
solve, use ## Footnote These verbs indicate the practical application of knowledge.
63
Which learning strategies are often associated with the apply phase?
instructor-led demonstrations, modeling ## Footnote These strategies help learners see how to implement knowledge in practice.
64
What is the focus of the understand level in learning?
Comprehending concepts and ideas ## Footnote This level emphasizes grasping the meaning behind information.
65
What is the focus of the remember level in learning?
Recalling facts and basic concepts ## Footnote This level involves memory retention and retrieval of information.
66
What are examples of action verbs used in the understand phase?
explain, identify, locate, describe ## Footnote These verbs require learners to demonstrate comprehension of material.
67
Which strategies are often associated with the understand phase?
drill and practice, repetition, teacher-led discussions ## Footnote These strategies reinforce comprehension through consistent engagement.
68
What are examples of action verbs used in the remember phase?
define, list, memorize ## Footnote These verbs focus on the ability to recall specific information.
69
Which strategies are often associated with the remember phase?
drill and practice, repetition ## Footnote These strategies are designed to enhance memory through repeated exposure.
70
What is information processing theory a part of?
Cognitivism ## Footnote Cognitivism focuses on understanding mental processes.
71
How does information processing theory compare human brains to computers?
It suggests that our brains take in, work with, store, and retrieve information like computers do.
72
Which cognitive processes are highlighted by information processing theory?
Attention, perception, memory, and problem-solving.
73
What does information processing theory provide clues about?
How learners encode, manipulate, and retrieve information.
74
What is important for learners when first taking in information?
Sensory input, attentional processes, and working memory.
75
What should children do with information for future use according to information processing theory?
Store and organize it in their long-term memory.
76
What processes are emphasized for transferring information from working memory to long-term memory?
Rehearsal, elaboration, addition of details, and meaningful encoding.
77
What retrieval strategies allow learners to access stored information?
Recognition and recall.
78
True or False: Information processing theory does not emphasize problem-solving.
False
79
Fill in the blank: Information processing theory is crucial for understanding how individuals acquire, ______, and utilize knowledge.
store
80
What can examining cognitive processes involved in learning help you design?
Instructional strategies that provide optimal learning experiences.
81
What is the role of attention in cognitive development according to information processing theory?
It helps focus on important information.
82
What does the theory suggest about combining new learnings?
Learners combine them with what they already know.
83
This learning theory seeks to understand the internal processes involved in learning, such as perception, memory, problem-solving, and decision-making.
Cognitivism
84
Cognitive frameworks that help people organize and interpret information.
Mental Schemas
85
A framework that categorizes educational objectives into six levels of cognitive complexity: remembering, understanding, applying, analyzing, evaluating, and creating
Bloom’s Revised Taxonomy
86
What is the role of the learner in their own learning process?
Learner is in control
87
What is the primary method through which transfer happens?
Transfer happens through socialization
88
What concept describes the difference between what a learner can do independently and what they can do with guidance?
Zone of Proximal Development
89
What learning theory emphasizes the importance of real-world experiences?
Constructivism
90
How is prior knowledge utilized in learning?
Prior knowledge is used in dealing with new situations
91
How is learning constructed according to constructivism?
Learning is constructed through meaningful, real-world experiences
92
What factors influence learning?
Learning is influenced by engagement, participation, socio-cultural factors
93
What is constructivism in education?
A theory that emphasizes active learning, student-centered instruction, and knowledge construction through personal experiences and interactions. ## Footnote Constructivism promotes engaging students in meaningful learning experiences.
94
What are constructivist teacher strategies focused on?
Building knowledge by engaging students in meaningful learning experiences. ## Footnote Strategies include inquiry, exploration, and discovery.
95
What does self-directed learning mean?
Taking control of your own learning, setting goals, finding resources, and solving problems independently. ## Footnote This concept is crucial in constructivist education.
96
What is discovery learning?
Exploring and solving problems independently, utilizing curiosity and problem-solving abilities. ## Footnote Discovery learning is aligned with constructivist principles.
97
Who is a well-known constructivist and what did her educational philosophy emphasize?
Maria Montessori emphasized self-directed learning and hands-on exploration. ## Footnote Her philosophy supports a network of Montessori schools.
98
What are the principles of constructivism?
Learning is an active process where individuals construct meaning based on prior knowledge and experiences. ## Footnote Learners are active participants, not passive recipients.
99
What role does a constructivist teacher play?
A facilitator or guide, supporting students and providing scaffolding. ## Footnote The teacher helps students navigate challenging tasks.
100
What does social constructivism highlight?
The influence of individual thinking and social factors on learning. ## Footnote It emphasizes social interactions and learning by observation.
101
How do constructivist teaching methods blend elements?
They blend cognitive and social elements, encouraging active learning and collaboration. ## Footnote This integration enhances the learning process.
102
Fill in the blank: Constructivism emphasizes _______ learning and student-centered instruction.
active
103
True or False: Constructivism views learners as passive recipients of information.
False
104
What is the core idea of constructivism?
Learning is an active process where students build new knowledge based on what they already know and experience.
105
Who is the key figure associated with Cognitive Development Theory in constructivism?
Lev Vygotsky
106
What does Vygotsky's Cognitive Development Theory emphasize?
How children learn through their interactions with others and their cultural environment.
107
What does the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) represent?
The gap between what a learner can do independently and what they can achieve with guidance.
108
Who is referred to as the More Knowledgeable Other (MKO)?
A teacher or a peer who provides support within the ZPD.
109
What is scaffolding in the context of Vygotsky's theory?
The gradual reduction of assistance by the MKO as the learner becomes more capable.
110
How does scaffolding benefit learners?
Helps students tackle more challenging tasks and build their knowledge through social interaction and collaboration.
111
Fill in the blank: The _______ represents the gap between independent and guided learning.
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
112
True or False: Vygotsky's theory suggests that learning occurs in isolation.
False
113
What do teachers use learning theories for?
Teachers use learning theories to design lesson plans and learning activities that align with the principles of behaviorism, cognitivism, or constructivism. ## Footnote For example, they may incorporate behaviorist strategies such as positive reinforcement or cognitivist strategies like problem-solving tasks.
114
How does understanding learning theories benefit teachers?
Understanding learning theories helps teachers recognize that students have diverse abilities and preferences. By incorporating elements from various theories, teachers can differentiate instruction to accommodate individual differences.
115
What role do assessments play in teaching?
Teachers use assessments to gauge student learning and adjust their teaching accordingly. Learning theories inform the design of assessments, allowing teachers to create tasks that assess different cognitive processes or levels of understanding.
116
How do learning theories influence classroom management?
Learning theories influence classroom management strategies. Behaviorist principles may inform the use of positive reinforcement to encourage desirable behaviors, while constructivist approaches may involve collaborative problem-solving.
117
What is the importance of reflection and adaptation for teachers?
Effective teachers continually reflect on their practice and adapt their instructional strategies based on student feedback and assessment data. Drawing on insights from learning theories, teachers can refine their approaches to better support student learning.

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