Intro to MycoViro II Flashcards by Princess Therese Timbal

is the supporting structure for the sporangium (sac-like structure). It holds the sporangium at its tip.

Sporangiosphore

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is a sac-like structure where asexual spores (sporangiospores) are produced.

sporangium

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• Produced inside the sporangium.
• Contain the genetic material needed to form a new fungal colony.

Asexual Spores (Sporangiospores)

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Involves the fusion of two compatible nuclei, followed by meiosis

sexual reproduction in fungi:

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The stage of the fungus that reproduces sexually.

Teleomorph

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Asexual forms of the same fungus.

Synanamorphs

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Types of Sexual Spores:

Zygospore (from Sporangiospore):
Ascospore (from Conidia)

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A thick-walled spore formed when two fungal cells fuse.

Zygospore (from Sporangiospore)

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Spores formed inside a sac-like structure called an ascus.

Ascospore (from Conidia)

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Major Fungal Phyla

Ascomycota (Sac Fungi)
Basidiomycota (Club Fungi)
Mucoromycotina (formerly Zygomycota)
Fungi Imperfecti (Deuteromycota)

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Includes fungi that produce spores in sac-like structures called asci

Ascomycota

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Includes fungi that produce spores on club-shaped structures called basidia

Basidiomycota (Club Fungi)

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A group for fungi that only reproduce asexually

Fungi Imperfecti

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primarily reproducing asexually but capable of forming zygospores during sexual reproduction.

Mucorales

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Grows as profuse, gray-to-white, aerial mycelium.

Mucorales (Part of Mucoromycotina)

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Mucorales contains ___ (clear) and ____ (few cross walls)

hyaline and sparsely septate hyphae

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mucorales Produces _____ (asexual spores) inside a ____ (sac-like structure).

sporangiospores inside a sporangium

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The sporangium is supported by a stalk-like structure called a

sporangiophore

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Ascomycota reproduces ___ by forming ___.

sexually by forming ascospores.

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Ascospores are housed within a sac-like structure called an

ascus (plural: asci)

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Sterile filamentous structures that may be found alongside asci.

Paraphyses

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Basidiomycota (Club Fungi) reproduces ___ by producing ____

Reproduces sexually by producing basidiospores

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Basidiospores are formed on club-shaped structures called

basidia

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Asexual: Sporangiospores in sporangia supported by sporangiophores

Mucorales

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Sexual: Ascospores in asci (sac structures)

Ascomycota

Sexual: Basidiospores on basidia (club-like structures)

Basidiomycota

Use a ____ cabinet to handle specimens safely.

Class II biological safety cabinet

temperature and processing for Respiratory Tract Specimens

- Room temperature: Process within 2 hours - Refrigerated (4°C): If there’s a delay.

container for Respiratory Tract Specimens

sterile, screw-top container

Swab type for Respiratory Tract Specimens

Dacron swabs.

Use a mucolytic agent like _____ to break down mucus.

N-acetyl-L-cysteine

Media for Respiratory Tract Specimens

• Nonselective media. • Media with antibacterial agents to inhibit bacteria

Respiratory Tract Specimens Sample Types:

• Sputum (spontaneous or induced). • Tracheal aspirations. • Bronchial washings or bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL)

Preparation for Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

Use centrifugation or filtration to concentrate the sample

For CSF avoid using media with

antibacterial or antifungal agents

keep csf at ___ temperature or ___ if processing is delayed

room temperature or 30°C

Blood Cultures: Use systems like

BACTEC, ALERT, or VersaTREK.

For dimorphic fungi: Use the ___ system to lyse WBCs and RBCs, then ____ to concentrate the sample.

ISOLATOR, centrifuge

blood concentrates are cultured on media ay __ for up to __ days

30°C for up to 21 days.

for direct microscopy in eye scrapings perforn a ____

slide examination.

media for Eye (Corneal Scrapings)

Use non-inhibitory media

storage/temp for Eye (Corneal Scrapings)

Keep at room temperature

for hair use a ____ with a uv light of ___ to detect fungal fluorescence.

Wood lamp (UV light >365 nm)

Collect affected hair using __ and place hair directly on a ____ or ___

using sterile forceps, directly on a petri dish or fungal medium

incubation for hair

22–30°C

use ___ to clean skin

70% isopropyl alcohol

for collection on skin scrape the ___ of the lesion

outer edge

For skin Prepare a _____ for direct microscopic examination.

KOH wet mount

For nails, clean using ____

70% isopropyl alcohol.

collect ___ or ___ for nail specimens

scrapings or cuttings.

For deeper nail infections, take scrapings for ___ examination.

KOH examination

Use ____ to cut nails into small, thin strips

sterile scissors

Submit vaginal specimen samples within ___ hours

within 24 hours.

Use __ and ___ media to screen for yeasts in Vaginal Specimens

selective and inhibitory media

incubate Vaginal Specimens At ___ for up to ___ days.

At 30°C for up to 7 days.

centri urine specimens for ___ culture

quantitative culture

Store urine sample at room temperature if ___ hours

≤ 2 hours

Store urine sample at 4°C temperature if ___ hours

> 2 hrs

For tissue preparation

Mince into small pieces

For tissue culture use ____ media

appropriate fungal

Incubate tissue specimens at ___ for up to ____

30°C for up to 21 days

Use a heparinized syringe for ____ collection

Bone Marrow

For bone marrow processing ___ or use ____

Centrifuge or use Isolator Tubes

purpose is to Breaks down keratin to reveal fungi in specimens (skin, hair, nails, and tissue).

KOH Preparation

step 1 KOH Preparation: Add ___ drop of __ KOH solution to the sample on a slide.

1 drop of 10–20% KOH solution

Step 2 KOH Preparation: Cover with a coverslip, heat gently, and let cool for ___

15 minutes

optional KOH prep: use ___ for faster breakdown (no heat needed).

Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)

Binds to chitin in fungal cell walls and fluoresces under UV light.

KOH with Calcofluor White

KOH with Calcofluor White: binds to ___ in fungal cell walls

Chitin

KOH with Calcofluor White: binds to ___ under UV light.

fluoresces

Appearance: Fungi fluoresce

apple green or blue-white

India Ink Preparation (Routine for CSF) detects ____ (encapsulated yeast).

Cryptococcus neoformans

Appearance of yeast cells in India Ink Preparation

clear with a halo

India Ink Preparation: Mix ___ drop of specimen with __ drop of India ink, and examine under ___.

1:1, HPO

India Ink Preparation disadvantage: White blood cells may resemble ______, leading to false ____

resemble encapsulated yeast, leading to false positives

Detects fungal elements in tissue

Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS) Stain

Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS) Stain Highlights fungal _____ (molds) and ___ in **bright pink/red**.

Hyphae (molds) and yeasts

For skin, nails, and tissue.

KOH prep

For fluorescence microscopy

Calcofluor White

For detecting C. neoformans in CSF.

India Ink

For fungal detection in tissues.

PAS Stain:

Detects melanin pigment in fungal cell walls

Masson-Fontana Stain

Masson-Fontana Stain is Useful for identifying fungi like ____ that produce melanin.

Cryptococcus

Microscopic examination of hyphae

1. Hyphae Characteristics 2. Fruiting Structures 3. Conidia

hyphae have frequent cross-walls

septate

hyphae have fewer cross-walls

sparsely septate

Clear or lightly colored hyphae.

Hyaline

Darkly pigmented hyphae

Phaeoid

Use two teasing needles to pull apart fungal structures

Tease Mount

Kills, preserves, and stains fungi. Fungi appear blue under the microscope

Lactophenol Cotton Blue (LPCB): Lactic acid, phenol, and dye

Involve gently touching a piece of clear tape, sticky side down, to the surface of the colony and then removing if

CELLOPHANE TAPE PREPARATION

Tape preparations should be read within ___ minutes and then discarded.

30 minutes

Primary Media: Used for the initial isolation of pathogens and saprobes.

Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA)

Antibiotic that inhibit insignificant fungal contaminants

Cycloheximide

antibiotic agents that inhibit bacterial growth

Gentamicin or Chloramphenicol

Other media: Enhances the growth of dimorphic fungi.

Brain-heart infusion (BHI) w/ 5% to 10% Sheep blood

Selective media, for Isolation and presumptive identification of yeast and

filamentous fungi

Selective media, allows identification of pathogenic yeast by examining the microscopic morphology of inoculum growth

Cornmeal agar

Differentiate yeast with their ability to create a germ tube (early hyphae)

Germ tube test

Germ Tube Test Differentiates ___ (germ tube positive) from other yeasts.

Candida albicans

step 1 germ tube test: Add yeast colony to ____

Add yeast colony to 0.5 ml serum

step 2 germ tube test: Incubate at ___ for ___hours.

35°C for 2.5–3 hours

Intro to MycoViro II Flashcards

(102 cards)