Intro to Neuro & Neurons/Glia

Question 1

Functions of the Nervous System

Answer 1

1. Sensory Output
2. Integration
3. Motor output

Question 2

What is sensory output?

Answer 2

Physical stimuli are converted into neuronal signals; visual info, smell, touch

Question 3

What is Integration?

Answer 3

Interpretation & storage of sensory input; higher & lower thinking

Question 4

What is Motor Output?

Answer 4

Send signals to effector organs that initiate change

Question 5

What are the main divisions of the NS?

Answer 5

Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Question 6

What are the main components of the CNS?

Answer 6

Brain and Spinal Cord

Question 7

What are the main components of the PNS?

Answer 7

Spinal Nerves and Cranial Nerves

Question 8

Medial

Answer 8

Closer to midline (middle)

Question 9

Lateral

Answer 9

Further from midline

Question 10

Superior (dorsal)

Answer 10

Higher

Question 11

Inferior (ventral)

Answer 11

Lower

Question 12

Anterior

Answer 12

Front

Question 13

Posterior

Answer 13

Back

Question 14

Functions of the Frontal Lobe

Answer 14

Primary Motor cortex, Speech, reasoning, Emotions, Decision Making, and Planning

Question 15

Functions of the Parietal

Answer 15

Primary somatosensory cortex, orientation, recognition, and attention

Question 16

Function of the Occipital lobe

Answer 16

Visual Processing

Question 17

Function of the Temporal lobe

Answer 17

Hearing, smell, memory, and speech

Question 18

Parts of the Cerebrum: Cortex and Subcortex (8)

Answer 18

Cortex: frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, insula, corpus callosum
Subcortex: basal ganglia and limbic system

Question 19

Function of Insula

Answer 19

Taste and odor perception (Gustatory Cortex)

Question 20

Function of Corpus Callosum

Answer 20

Integrates and Transfers information between hemispheres

Question 21

Function of the Basal Ganglia

Answer 21

Regulating motor activity and starting/stopping action

Question 22

Function of the Limbic System

Answer 22

Memory and Emotional processing

Question 23

Components of the Brainstem

Answer 23

Hindbrain and the Midbrain

Question 24

Function of Midbrain

Answer 24

Made up of superior and inferior Colliculi: Fast, unprocessed route for sensory information

Question 25

Function of Hindbrain

Answer 25

Made up of Pons and medulla: Regulates breathing and heart rate

Question 26

Function of Cerebellum

Answer 26

Needed for movement coordination and motor control

Question 27

Function of spinal cord

Answer 27

Transfer sensory and motor information to and from the brain (input and output)

Question 28

Input processing

Answer 28

Sensory information travels from PNS to the brain (Into the brain)

Question 29

Output Processing

Answer 29

Motor info travels from the brain to the PNS (out of brain)

Question 30

3 Ways the Brain is protected

Answer 30

1. Meninges (Pia and Dura Mater) 2. The skull 3. Blood Brain Barrier

Question 31

How is CSF produced and what are its functions

Answer 31

CSF is produced by the choroid plexus. CSF functions are to protect/cushion, remove waste, and be a source of nutrients

Question 32

Parts of Blood Brain Barrier (BBB)

Answer 32

Tight junctions, continuous endothelial cell basement membrane, and astrocytes wrapped around the endothelial cells

Question 33

Functions of the BBB

Answer 33

Helps maintain a stable environment for the brain and separates neurons from blood-borne illnesses

Question 34

What is the main difference between neurons and glia?

Answer 34

Neurons undergo Action potential and are excitatory, while glia only provide supportive roles

Question 35

What are the glia in the CNS?

Answer 35

Astrocytes, Microglial cells, Ependymal cells, and Oligodendrocytes

Question 36

Astrocyte Functions

Answer 36

Provide structural support, regulate neurons and ions, and from scar tissue and the BBB

Question 37

Ependymal cells Function

Answer 37

Line the inside of the ventricles and help formulate CSF

Question 38

Oligodendrocytes function

Answer 38

Form myelin sheath in the CNS

Question 39

Microglial Cell Functions

Answer 39

Small cells that phagocytize cells and cellular debris

Question 40

What are the glia in the PNS?

Answer 40

Schwann cells and Satellite Glia

Question 41

Schwann cells Function

Answer 41

Produce Myelin in PNS

Question 42

Satellite Glia Function

Answer 42

Provide Nutrients and Structurally support neurons

Question 43

Sequence of a typical nerve sequence

Answer 43

Dendrites receive an impulse, impulse travels through soma to the axon, myelinated axon transmit the impulse to axon terminal, impulse is transferred to the next neuron.

Question 44

What is myelin sheath?

Answer 44

A sheath composed of myelin that wraps around axons

Question 45

Functions of myelin sheath

Answer 45

Increases the speed of nerve impulse transmissions

Question 46

Why are there so many different types of neurons?

Answer 46

The body has a lot of functions and each neuron has a specific function

Question 47

Spinal Nerves

Answer 47

Connect SC to trunk an appendages

Question 48

Cranial Nerves

Answer 48

Connect brain to structures in head/neck

Question 49

What is negative feedback?

Answer 49

Take in information + convert to electrical signals

Question 50

What is the autosomal NS?

Answer 50

"Fight or flight" Automatic

Question 51

What are gyri/gyrus?

Answer 51

The raised surface of the brain

Question 52

What are sulci/sulcus?

Answer 52

The dips and folds on the surface of the brain

Question 53

What is the amygdala?

Answer 53

Processes emotion and/or threat

Question 54

What is the hippocampus?

Answer 54

Binding items and events in memories

Question 55

Superior colliculi function

Answer 55

Integrate information from vision, hearing, and touch

Question 56

Inferior colliculi function

Answer 56

Specialized for auditory processing

Question 57

Cingulate gyrus function

Answer 57

Detects "conflict" in decision-making, regulates aggression, and emotional response to pain

Question 58

What are the choroid plexuses made up of?

Answer 58

Capillaries and Ependymal cells

Question 59

Group of cell bodies found in CNS

Answer 59

Nuclei

Question 60

Group of cell bodies found in PNS

Answer 60

Ganglia

Question 61

Nerves are bundles of ______

Answer 61

Axons

Question 62

What disorder is caused by a death of cells in the substantia nigra?

Answer 62

Parkinson's disease