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NEU211 Intro to Neuro > Vision > Flashcards

Vision Flashcards

Exam 2

1
Q

What is the Sclera?

A

The white of the eye

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2
Q

Cornea

A

Clear covering of center of the eye

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3
Q

What are the two responsibilities of the cornea?

A
  1. Protection
  2. Bends light to focus on the lens
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4
Q

What is the iris?

A

The colored part of the eye

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5
Q

What does the lens do?

A

Changes shape to focus light on the retina

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6
Q

Choroid

A

Brown layer with blood vessels

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7
Q

Retina

A

Part of eye responsible for actual vision

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8
Q

What are the five parts of the retina?

A
  1. Photoreceptors
  2. Bipolar cells
  3. Ganglion cells
  4. Horizontal and amacrine cells
  5. Pigmented layer
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9
Q

Photoreceptors

A

Receive light and phototransduction

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10
Q

Bipolar cells

A

Conduct electrical signals from photoreceptors to ganglion cells

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11
Q

Ganglion cells

A

Conduct electrical signals, form optic nerve, and SEND ACTION POTENTIAL

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12
Q

Horizontal and amacrine cells

A

allow for lateral communication between neurons

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13
Q

Pigmented layer

A

Absorbs scatter

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14
Q

What is the pathway of light entering the eye?

A

Cornea -> lens -> retina -> pigmented layers -> photoreceptors

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15
Q

Light is reflected so that objects are _____________, but the ______ flips it

A

upside-down, brain

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16
Q

Once the light reaches the photoreceptors, next comes the _________, and then the ___________

A

Bipolar cells and ganglion cells

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17
Q

The macula is a small region of the _________

A

retina

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18
Q

What part of the eye does the macula contain?

A

Fovea

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19
Q

What is the fovea?

A

Central vision; highest quality vision

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20
Q

The optic disk lacks ____________, making a _______

A

Photoreceptors; blind spot

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21
Q

The neural layer of the retina contains (3)

A

Photoreceptors, bipolar cells, ganglion cells

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22
Q

Two types of bipolar cells

A

On and Off

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23
Q

Horizontal cells

A

Sculpts activity at the synapse between photoreceptors and bipolar cells

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24
Q

Amacrine cells

A

Sculpt activities between bipolar cells and ganglion cells

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25
Photoreceptors
Afferent (sensory) neurons that absorb light and change to electrical signals
26
Two types of photoreceptors
Rods and cones
27
Photoreceptors contain ___________ in inner/outer segment
Photopigments; outer
28
Retinal
Light-absorbing molecules; in rods and cones
29
Opsins
4 proteins that bind retinal and allow different colors to be interpretated
30
Do rods and cones have the same or different opsins?
Different
31
Rods are more sensitive to __________, while cones are more responsible for __________ vision
Light; color
32
Opsins absorb different ____________, which observes ______________
Wavelengths; what we see
33
What is color vision?
The ability to detect differences in the wavelength of light
34
Rods are better in ______ light compared to Cones and Rods are meant for ___________________ vision whereas cones are meant for ________ vision
dim; black and white; color
35
Rods have ___________ opsin and Cones have ___________ opsin
Rhodopsin; small, medium, large
36
Highest concentration of cones is in the _________
Fovea
37
Highest concentration of rods in ______________
Periphery
38
Cones have a _____ spatial resolution
High
39
CGMP ________ in light
catalyzes
40
The ligan for opsin is a
photon of light
41
Do opsins have metabotropic or ionotropic receptors?
Metabotropic receptors
42
Phosphodiesterase (PDE)
Effector protein that our G-protein transducin activates
43
cGMP catalyzes and is converted to
GMP
44
RMP of photoreceptors
-40 mV
45
Hyperpolarization of photoreceptors
-70 mV
46
Glutamate is inhibitory in ONLY On/off bipolar cells
ON
47
On bipolar cells are ____ in the dark and _________ in the light
hyperpolarize, depolarize
48
Off bipolar cells are ______ in the dark and _______ in the light
Depolarized, hyperpolarized
49
In the photoreceptors, light activates the _____, which releases ____________, which catalyzes the _____ into _____, closing the ____________, which ______ the cell
opsin; G-Protein; cGMP; GMP; cGMP cation channel; hyperpolarizes
50
On bipolar cells are active in the ______
light
51
Off bipolar cells are active in the _______
dark
52
Process of ON bipolar cells in the dark; Photoreceptors releasing _____, which ____________, which closes/opens the channel.
Glutamate; activates the g-protein; closes
53
Are On Bipolar cells in the dark hyperpolarized or depolarized
Hyperpolarized
54
Process of ON bipolar cells in the light; Photoreceptors are _________ glutamate, which _________ g-protein, which means that the _____________
not releasing; does not activate; channel is not open
55
Process of OFF bipolar cells in the dark; Photoreceptors are _______ glutamate, which activates the metabotropic/ionotropic channels, which ______ the cell
releasing; ionotropic; depolarizes the cell
56
Process of OFF bipolar cells in the light; Photoreceptors are ______ glutamate; which activates/does not activate the ionotropic channels, which _______ the cells
Not releasing; does not activate; hyperpolarizes
57
Photoreceptors in the light __________ glutamate
Release
58
Photoreceptors in the dark __________ glutamate
Do not release glutamate
59
In the dark, the ganglion cells are activated by _______
OFF bipolar cells
60
In the light, the ganglion cells are activated by _________
ON bipolar cells

NEU211 Intro to Neuro (13 decks)

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