Intro to Occupational Mechanics Flashcards by Alex Stein

Ergo

work

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Nomos or Nomoi

natural laws

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Ergonomics

Management and labor recognize that injury reduced performance reflect a mismatch between the worker, the task, and the environment

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Mistmatch does what

predisposes to injury

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Individual

Body size and shape (anthropometrics)
Fitness level/injury history
Off-work activities
Psychological status, motivation

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Environment

Physical layout

Psychological demands

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Top occupations

Nursing aids, orderlies, and attendants
Laborers
Janitors and cleaners
Truck drivers - heavy and tractor trailor
Registered nurses
Truck driver - light or delivery services

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Top causes of injury

Overexertion

Repetitive motion

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Types of injuries from most to least common

Sprain and strain
Contusions
Lacerations
Fractures
Burn
Cumulative trauma
Tendonitis
ChemBurns
Amputations

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Ergonomics - psychologists investigate

mental function and the workplace

Human factors, cognitive factors

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Ergonomics - exercise physiologists evaluate

metabolic, respiratory and cardiovascular effects of prolonged, strenuous activities in industry
Work physiology

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Occupational biomechanics

apply laws of physics and engineering concepts to describe motion undergone by various body segments

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Biomechanics is the science concerned with

the mechanical behavior of the NMS and component tissues when physical tasks are performed

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Chafflin/Anderson/Vardaxis definition of occupational biomechanics

Study of physical interaction of workers with their tools, machines, and materials aiming to idtentify risk of injury, control stresses and energy expenditure, and improve worker performance, efficiency, and comfort

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Who uses occupational biomechanics

Engineers
Safety managers
Allied health providers

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Kinematics

time and space
Displacement
Velocity
Acceleration

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Kinetics

Force (torque) and energy

F=ma

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Occupational biomechanics complements___

psychological and physiological knowledge

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Occupational biomechanics considers interaction of

worker, task, and workplace

Occupational biomechanics focus is

mechanical stress on the body

Mechanical stress =

force/area

Epidemiological support of occupational biomechanics

Health and quality of life are greatly reduced for many because of musculoskeletal disorders

We want to maximize safety and productivity - in order to do that we need to

min fatigue and overexertion
Improve quality and quantity of output
Min time lost and cost of injury
Min absenteeism and turnover
BUT important to fit the job of the worker

Social/legal support for occupational biomechanics

Hiring cannot discriminate on basis of
Age
Race
Gender
Disability 
BUT jobs must not provide undue risk for injury

OSHA act of 1970 - Employers are to provide employers with

``` A safe working environment Safe tools Knowledge of hazards Competent fellow employees and managers Safety rules ```

Implementing a program - attitude

Employee - self help | Employer - investment

Safety must be accpeted as

Legally necessary Economically advantageous Ethically imperative

Event - sudden force | Trauma type =

Impact

Event - sudden force Trauma type = impact Typical medical outcomes =

``` Contusion (bruise) Laceration (cuts) Sprain (ligament) Fracture (bone) Subluxation/dislocation (joint) Concussion (brain) ```

Event - volitional activity | Trauma type =

Overexertion

Event - volitional activity Trauma type = overexertion Typical medical outcome

``` Muscle strain Tendonitis Tenosynovitis Myofascial disorders Nerve entrapment Low back pain ```

Event - repeated motion | Trauma type

Overexertion, overuse injury

Occupational risk factors - principle

FIT Frequency (repetition) Intensity (force exerted) Time (duration of loading)

Anthropometry

deals with the measure of size, mass, shape and inertial properties of the human body segments

Biomechanical models

facilitate predication of a body's response and the design of the work space interface

Body segment - links | Link length can be defined as

the distance between projected centers

Injury risk (lives) depends on

the validity of the model

The mass of the body segments adds

additional stresses to the body beyond those exerted by external forces Resistance to acceleration

These weight related stresses can be

of considerable magnitude in certain postures | a force

Insufficient to know only the mass (weight) of a body segment to perform an analysis - must locate

the center of mass fo reach segment

Need to know

Mass center location in segment % TBM (weight) Link length

When a segment translates and/or rotates during dynamic activities what needs to be considered

The inertial properties

Moment of inertia is not only mass, but

mass distribution

Greater the moment of inertia, the

greater the inertial load | and the greater the joint stress

Anthropometric data defines the

Reach and space requirements of a specified population or equipment user Important consideration for workplace design

Workplace analysis - tables of what kind of data

percentiles | 90%

Summary -

Knowledge of anthropometry is important Anthropometrics is basis of models Design must accomodate 5th to 95th percentile