Introduction (French) Flashcards by Sarah Sabler

List the layers of the uterus from out to in.

Serosa

Muscularis- Longitudinal smooth

Muscularis - Circular smooth

(Submucosa)

Mucosa

(Lumen)

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In a cow, what is the palpable structure found between the uterine horns?

Intercornual ligament

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Older or younger:

_______ cows will have small easily manipulated uterine horns, while _____ cows will have long horns that are more difficult to retract.

Younger cows will have small easily manipulated uterine horns, while older cows will have long horns that are more difficult to retract.

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Do dairy or beef cows tend to have longer uterine horns?

Dairy

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Generally, what does palpating the ovairies of a cow reveal?

Where she is in her cycle

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What structure is more taught in mares, making them more easily palpated?

Broad ligament

An out-pouching of the peritoneum

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What is structure(s) must you be aware of when trying to pass a probe through a cow’s cervix?

Fornix

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What are the 2 anatomic aspects in a bitch that make AI challenging?

“Shelf” leading to the cervix

Angle of the cervix

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In a cow, the ______ on the uterus attach to the ______ of the fetus to form _______. Palpating these is one of the 4 cardinak signs of pregnancy.

Caruncles

Cotyledons

Placentomes

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Where can a mare support a pregnancy?

Uterine body

Either uterine horn

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Which species has hormone responsive transverse folds that create the cervix?

Horse

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What does the cervical tone in a mare indicate?

The cycle stage

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What is the main difference between the vagina of dogs/cats compared to ruminants?

Cranial vagina is much larger in dogs and cats

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Why do cells of the cranial vagina of a dog proliferate when she becomes receptive to being bred?

As protection from the os penis

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What does placental scarring in a queen indicate?

Previous pregnancy

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Why do cats have a long anestrus period after giving birth?

Placental scarring must occur (healing)

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In which species does the left ovary only communicate (in terms of blood supply) with the left side of the uterus, and vise versa?

Cows

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In which species does the blood supplying the uterus enter into systemic circulation before reaching the ovaries?

Horses

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Which type/stage of follicle has 2 or more layers of cells but no antrum?

Secondary follicle

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What hormone does the fluid within the antrum of a tertiary follicle contain?

E2 / Estrogen / Estradiol

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What forms on an ovary after ovulation? What main hormone does this structure release? What causes the lysis of this structure and what does it subsequently become?

Corpus luteum (CL)

Progesterone

Uterus producing PGF2a (prostaglandin) lyses the CL

Becomes a corpus albicans (CA)

(CL3 -> CL2->CL1->CA)

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What is the purpose of the infundibulum?

Capturing the egg/oocyte

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Which part of the oviduct is made up primarily of mucosa and comprises the majority of the oviduct?

Ampulla

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Which portion of the oviduct has thicker, muscular walls, with few folds?

Isthmus

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Where does fertilization occur in a cow?

Ampullar-isthmus junction

Why can the the CL not be felt in a mare?

Because it is on the _inside_ of the ovary ## Footnote *Remember mare oviaries are inside-out, the medulla is on the outside and cortex on the inside*

Where is the only place ovulation can occur in a mare?

The ovulation fossa

A calf nudging its mother's udder causing the release of oxytocin and thus milk-letdown is an example of what kind of reflex?

Neuroendocrine reflex

What is the neural control center for reproduction hormones?

Hypothalmic nuclei ## Footnote *Hypothalamus-Pitutary*

What is the main repro hormone released by the posterior pituitary?

Oxytocin

What is the difference between a male and female anterior pituitary?

Females have surge and tonic centers Males have only a tonic center

What hormone signals the surge and tonic centers to release hormone?

GnRH

Which of the following **is not** a characteristic of reproductive hormones? Act in small quantities Have long half-lives Bind specific receptors Can cause the release of other hormones Can stimulate the gonads

Have long- half lives ## Footnote **Correct=Have SHORT half-lives**

What are the 3 main gonadotropins? Where are they released from?

FSH, LH, Prolactin Anterior pituitary

Which hormone feeds back positively from the follicle to the anterior pituitary and the surge center? What hormone is released when the anterior pituitary is stimulated?

Estrogen (E2) FSH

Which hormone feeds back negatively from the follicle to the anterior pituitary? Which hormone does it prevent the release of?

Inhibin FSH

Why will repeatedly giving exogenous GnRH eventually result in the exogenous hormone not having an effect?

Antibodies are formed against it over time

How many peptides does GnRH have?

10 ## Footnote *It is a decapeptide*

What biochemical form of repro hormone does not need to bind to a plasma membrane receptor? What receptor does this type of hormone bind to?

Steroids Nuclear receptors

What influences the onset of puberty in small ruminants and pigs as well as letting a male know who is in heat?

Pheromones

On which of the following does the strength of a hormone **not depend on**? Pattern and duration of secretion Half-life Inciting stimulus strength Receptor density Receptor-hormone affinity

Inciting stimulus strength

What is the typical pattern of secretion of GnRH? Steroid hormones?

GnRH: **Episodic** Steroids: **Sustained**

Which organ is larger than normal in high producing dairy cows?

Liver *Do to increased steroid metabolism*

In which of the following are the paramesonephric tubules most fused? Dog Sow Horse Cow

Horse

How long is the estrus cycle of a cow?

21 days

Name 3 polyestrus species.

Bovine Porcine Rodent

What type of estrus cycle do short-day and long-day breeders have? Which animals are short-day and which are long-day

Seasonal polyestrus _Short:_ Sheep, Goats, Deer, Elk *(Prey species, breed in the dark)* _Long:_ Horses

What type of estrous cycle to canids and ursids have?

Monestrus

What is the dominant hormone during the Follicular Phase?

Estrogen (E2)

What is the dominant hormone in the Luteal Phase?

Progesterone (P4)

What follows the Follicular Phase?

Ovulation

What stage of the estrous cycle begins when progesterone (P4) drops? What causes this drop?

Proestrus Luteolysis

At which stage of the estrous cycle is E2 the highest?

Estrus

At which stage of the estrous cycle is there a transition from E2 dominance to P4 dominance? What forms at this stage?

Metestrus Corpus luteum

What does a mature corpus luteum secrete? What stage of the estrous cycle is characterized by sustained high level secretion of this substance?

P4 Diestrus

Luteolysis signals the end of which stage of the estrous cycle?

Diestrus

What forms at the end of metestrus?

Corpus hemorrhagicum

How long is the follicular phase in dogs? How long is the luteal phase?

Follicular: **18 days** *9 days of proestrus, 9 days of estrus* Luteal: **2 months** *Diestrus*

T/F: Dogs must ovulate 2 days before they are bred because they release an immature oocyte which needs to undergo meiosis before fertilization.

True

What phase of the estrous cycle occurs in a queen who did not ovulate during estrus? The concentration of which hormone in the blood decreases during this phase?

Postestrus E2

What enables an animal to carry a developing fetus during a favorable time and give birth during an advantageous time for the newborn?

Seasonal anestrus

Which hormone is low when there is a lot of light, i.e. during long photoperiods?

Melatonin

Which of these is seasonally polyestrus? Mare Cow Sow Bitch

Mare *(long-day breeders)*

The release of which hormone from what part of the body induces ovulation?

LH Anterior pituitary

Which of the following hormones **does not** peak during estrus? E2 P4 LH FSH

During which part of the follicular phase is estrogen the highest? Lowest?

Highest: Dominance Lowest: Recruitment

What do most follicles undergo?

Atresia ## Footnote *\>99% of follicles never ovulate*

If a cow does not get pregnant during the first wave of follicular development, what can be done to shorten her cycle in order for her to become receptive sooner?

Lyse CL (decrease P4 to allow for ovulation) ## Footnote *As early as 7-8 days*

Describe the hormone dynamics during the follucular phases of recruitment, selection, and dominance.

_Recruitment_: High FSH, Low LH (No inhibin) _Selection_: Low FSH, Moderate LH, Low Inhibin _Dominance:_ Low FSH, High LH, High Inhibin

When LH binds to its receptor on a Theca interna cell, what is broken down into what?

Cholesterol into Testosterone

When FSH binds to its receptor on a granulosa cell what is converted into what?

Testosterone into Estradiol/E2/Estrogen

At which stage of development are occytes arrested prior to an LH surge?

Meiotic prophase/ 1st meiotic division

Positive feedback from what hormone causes GnRH release from the surge center?

Estrogen

Which species does not ovulate during estrus?

Cows

What is the AM-PM rule and to which animal does it apply?

**Cows** ovulate approx 12 hours after estrus/heat so a cow that goes into heat in the morning (AM) should be bred that evening (PM), a cow that goes into heat in the evening (PM) should be bred the following morning (AM).

What are the 3 main events that occur during the luteal phase?

1. Luteinization of follicular cells to luteal cells 2. Growth/development of CL (P4 production) 3. Luteolysis

What 3 hormones are produced by the CL? Which one is dominant?

P4 - dominant Oxytocin Relaxin

Which hormone decreases myometrial tone in the cow but increases tone in the mare?

Progesterone

Baring the presence of abnormal pathology, what does it mean if a cow reacts painfully upon palpation of the ovary?

Presence of a **corpus hemorrhagicum** during **early metaestrus** ## Footnote *(3-5 days after estrus)*

Which of these cannot be short-cycled? Mares Sows Cows

Sows

What is the source of PGF2a in domestic animals?

Uterine endometrium

What is the pathway to luteolysis in ruminants? Mares? Sows?

_Ruminants_: Local **countercurrent exchange** from ipsilateral uterine vein and ovarian artery _Mare_: **Systemic** _Sow_: Combo of above

What does oxytocin release stimulate when luteolysis is induced?

Pulse of **PGF (Prostaglandin)** release ## Footnote *This stimulates +ve feedback i.e. more oxytocin release*

When does an embryo become a fetus?

6 weeks (40 days) into the pregnancy

Introduction (French) Flashcards

(84 cards)