Introduction- PP1 Test 1

Question 1

What are microbes involved in?

Answer 1

nutrient production, energy flow, decomposition, genetic engineering, bioremediation, infectious disease, and biotechnology (production of foods, drugs, and vaccines)

Question 2

What are the three domains?

Answer 2

bacteria, archaea, and eukarya

Question 3

most are singled-celled, with peptidoglycan in cell wall, most are non-pathogenic and play major role in nutrient recycling

Answer 3

bacteria

Question 4

most are single celled, with peptidoglycan in cell wall, associated with extremes (high salt, heat etc.), no known pathogens

Answer 4

archaea

Question 5

most have nucleus and organelles, most are larger than bacteria and archaea

Answer 5

eukarya

Question 6

How do you classify a binomial microbe?

Answer 6

• give each two names
  -the genus is a noun and always capitalized
  -the species is an adjective and lowercase
  -both names are italicized

Question 7

strains that consist of descendants of a single, pure microbial culture, may be biovars, serovars, morphovars, and pathovars

Answer 7

bacteria and archaea

Question 8

What did Robert Hooke do?

Answer 8

he named the cell in the 17th century

Question 9

What did Antony Van Leeuwenhoek?

Answer 9

In 1676 he was the first to observe living microbes using a single lens magnified up to 300x

Question 10

What did Louis Pasteur do?

Answer 10

in 1857 he showed microbes caused fermentation spoilage
in 1861 he disproved the spontaneous generation
he developed pasteurization
demonstrated the germ theory of disease
in 1855 developed a rabies vaccine
used the swan neck flask

Question 11

What is the germ theory of disease?

Answer 11

the idea that diseases are caused by the growth of microbes in the body and not by sins, bad character, poverty, etc., the two major contributors were Robert Koch and Louis Pasteur

Question 12

What did Robert Koch do?

Answer 12

In 1884 he established his postulates which is a sequence of experimental steps that verified the germ theory
In 1870s to 1880s he identified the cause of anthrax TB and cholera
he developed pure culture methods

Question 13

What are Koch’s postulates?

Answer 13

1. the suspected pathogen must be present in all cases of the disease and absent from healthy animals
2. the suspected pathogen must be grown in pure culture
3. cells from a pure culture of the suspected pathogen must cause disease in a healthy animal
4. the suspected pathogen must be reisolated and shown to be the same as the original

Question 14

What did kochs work lead to?

Answer 14

the discovery and development of agar (Hesse), petri dish (Petri), nutrient broth and nutrient agar, and methods of isolating microorganisms

Question 15

What did John Lister do?

Answer 15

introduced aseptic techniques reducing microbes in medical settings to prevent infections
disinfection of hands using chemicals prior to surgery with carbolic acid
use of heat for sterilization

Question 16

What did Sergei Winogradsky do?

Answer 16

studied soil microorganisms and discovered numerous interesting metabolic processes ( for example nitrogen fixation)
pioneered the use of enrichment cultures and selective media