Introduction to Amino Acids

Question 1

the building blocks of peptides and proteins

Answer 1

amino acids

Question 2

explains the storage, retrieval and expression of genetic information

Answer 2

central dogma

Question 3

duplication of DNA to make an identical copy

Answer 3

replication

Question 4

reading of a gene and its production into RNA

Answer 4

transcription

Question 5

an RNA sequence created into the corresponding sequence of amino acids to form a protein

Answer 5

translation

Question 6

the first biological step towards the outward display of phenotypic traits

Answer 6

proteins

Question 7

what is the unique feature of each amino acid

Answer 7

the R group

Question 8

can act as an acid or base depending on the pH

Answer 8

Amphoteric

Question 9

amino acids that can carry both positive and minus charges on the same molecule

Answer 9

zwitterions

Question 10

pH were there is no net charge

Answer 10

isoelectric point

Question 11

all four groups attached to the carbon are different

Answer 11

asymmetric

Question 12

four main groups of amino acids

Answer 12

neutral non-polar
neutral polar
acidic
basic

Question 13

contain hydrocarbon groups with no charge

Answer 13

nonpolar amino acids

Question 14

have functional groups that can easily interact with water through hydrogen bonding

Answer 14

polar amino acids

Question 15

have side chains with a carboxylate group that ionizes at physiological pH

Answer 15

acidic amino acids

Question 16

bear a positive charge at physiological pH

Answer 16

basic amino acids

Question 17

molecules that have the same structural formulas and bonding patterns but with a different arrangement of atoms or groups in space

Answer 17

stereoisomers

Question 18

stereoisomers that are mirror images of each other

Answer 18

enantiomers

Question 19

D enantiomers

Answer 19

dextrorotary

Question 20

L enantiomers

Answer 20

levorotary

Question 21

must be obtained in the diet

Answer 21

essential amino acids

Question 22

can be made by the human body

Answer 22

non-essential amino acids

Question 23

what are the essential amino acids

Answer 23

isoleucine
leucine
lysine
methionine
phenylalanine 
threonine 
tryptophan
valine

Question 24

how is a peptide linkage formed

Answer 24

the oxygen from the carboxyl group of the first amino acid and the two hydrogen from the amino group of the second amino acid bond to form water,

Question 25

a tripeptide found in most all organisms and is involved in protein and DNA synthesis, toxic substance metabolism, and amino acid transport

Answer 25

glutathione

Question 26

what is the order of amino acids in glutathione

Answer 26

glutamate, cysteine, glycine

Question 27

an antidiuretic hormone that regulates water balance, appetite, and body temperature

Answer 27

vasopressin

Question 28

a peptide that aids in uterine contraction and lactation

Answer 28

oxytocin

Question 29

leads to a reversible disulfide bond

Answer 29

cysteine oxidation

Question 30

forms when two cysteine residues form this bond to help stabilize polypeptides and proteins

Answer 30

disulfide bridge

Question 31

intermediates formed by the reaction of an amino group in proteins with an aldehyde group in sugars

Answer 31

Schiff's base or aldimines

Question 32

inhibitory NT of the brain, involved in muscle relaxation, sleep, diminished emotional reaction and sedation

Answer 32

GABA

Question 33

NT of the brain; modulates mood, appetite, sexual activity, aggression, body temperature, sleep, smooth muscle contraction

Answer 33

Serotonin

Question 34

secreted by the pineal gland during darkness; linked to circadian rhythms and sleep wake cycles

Answer 34

melatonin

Question 35

secreted by the thyroid; increases rates of chemical reactions and metabolism in almost all cells of the body

Answer 35

thyroxine

Question 36

major plant hormone, stimulates cell growth and elongation, rooting; inhibits axillary bud development

Answer 36

indole-3-Acetic acid

Question 37

found in proteins that bind calcium ions including prothrombin for blood clotting and osteocalcin in bone

Answer 37

carboxyglutamate

Question 38

found in plant cell walls and collagen of connective tissues

Answer 38

4-hydroxyproline

Question 39

also found in collagen of connective tissues

Answer 39

5-hydroxylysine

Question 40

phosphorylated derivative of OH containing AA's involved in signaling and gene expression

Answer 40

o-phosphoserine