monosaccharides and disaccharides

Question 1

two molecules that are made of the same atoms connected in the same sequence, but the atoms are positioned differently in space

Answer 1

stereoisomers

Question 2

non-superimposable mirror images

Answer 2

enantiomers

Question 3

D-Ribose and L-Ribose are

Answer 3

enantiomers

Question 4

stereoisomers that are not enantiomers (not mirror images)

Answer 4

diastereomers

Question 5

D-arabinose and D-ribose are

Answer 5

diastereomers

Question 6

diastereomers that differ at a single chiral carbon

Answer 6

epimers

Question 7

D-glucose and D-mannose are ____that differ at____

Answer 7

epimers

second carbon position

Question 8

an aldehyde and an alcohol make a

Answer 8

hemiacetal

Question 9

a ketone and an alcohol make a

Answer 9

hemiketal

Question 10

the two possible diastereomers that are formed because of cyclization

Answer 10

anomers

Question 11

alpha D glucose OH group is

Answer 11

not in the same plane as the oxygen

Question 12

beta D glucose OH group is

Answer 12

in the same plane as the oxygen

Question 13

monosaccharides may readily undergo several oxidation reactions in the presence of metal ions or certain enzymes

Answer 13

oxidation

Question 14

D-gluconic acid is an example of

Answer 14

aldonic acid

Question 15

D-glucuronic acid is an example of

Answer 15

uronic acid

Question 16

D-glucaric acid is an example of

Answer 16

aldaric acid

Question 17

can be produced if the carbonyl groups of aldonic and uronic acids react with an OH group in the same molecule

Answer 17

lactone

Question 18

example of naturally produced lacone

Answer 18

L-ascorbic acid (vitamin C)

Question 19

powerful reducing agent that protects cells from reactive oxygen and nitrogen species

Answer 19

Vitamin C

Question 20

another name for sugar alcohols

Answer 20

alditols

Question 21

sugar alcohols are produced by the _____of aldehyde and ketone groups of monosaccharides

Answer 21

reduction

Question 22

free OH groups of carbohydrates can be converted to esters by reaction with acids

Answer 22

esterfication

Question 23

the products of the dehydration of a carboxylic acid and an alcohol

Answer 23

esters

Question 24

originally called dextrose, it is found in large quantities throughout the natural world, a primary fuel for living cells, preferred energy for brain cells and cells without mitochondria

Answer 24

D-glucose

Question 25

often referred to as the fruit sugar, because of its high content in fruit, twice as sweet as sucrose, used as a sweetening agent

Answer 25

D- fructose

Question 26

sperm use ____ as an energy source

Answer 26

fructose

Question 27

necessary to synthesize a variety of important biomolecules

Answer 27

galactose

Question 28

a genetic disorder resulting from a missing enzyme in galactose metabolism

Answer 28

galactosemia

Question 29

D-glucuronic acid is used in the liver to improve water solubility to remove waste molecules

Answer 29

uronic acids

Question 30

D-glucosamine and D-galactosamine are the most common and often attached to proteins or lipids

Answer 30

amino sugars

Question 31

form of sugar found in DNA

Answer 31

deoxy sugars

Question 32

two monosaccharides linked by a glycosidic bond

Answer 32

disaccharides

Question 33

disaccharide found in milk

Answer 33

lactose

Question 34

lactose is made of

Answer 34

galactose and glucose via beta 1,4 linkage

Question 35

lactose is a

Answer 35

reducing sugar

Question 36

an intermediate product of starch hydrolysis

Answer 36

maltose

Question 37

maltose has what kind of bond

Answer 37

alpha 1,4 linkage between two glucose molecules

Question 38

a degradation product of cellulose

Answer 38

cellobiose

Question 39

cellobiose has what kind of bond

Answer 39

beta 1,4 glycosidic bond between two glucose molecules

Question 40

common table sugar produced in the leaves and stems of plants

Answer 40

sucrose

Question 41

sucrose has what kind of bond

Answer 41

alpha, beta 1,2 glycosidic bond between glucose and fructose

Question 42

sucrose is a

Answer 42

nonreducing sugar

Question 43

have one type of monosaccharide and are found in starch, glycogen, cellulose, and citin

Answer 43

homoglycans

Question 44

the energy reservoir of plant cells and a significant source of carbohydrates in human diet

Answer 44

starch

Question 45

two polysaccharides occur together in starch

Answer 45

amylose and amylopectin

Question 46

is composed of long, unbranched chains of D-glucose with a 1,4 linkages between them

Answer 46

amylose

Question 47

branched forms of starch

Answer 47

amylopectin

Question 48

the branches in amylopectin occur where

Answer 48

alpha 1,6 linkage

Question 49

a polymer of D-glucopyranosides linked by beta 1,4 glycosidic bond

Answer 49

cellulose

Question 50

most abundant organic substance on earth

Answer 50

cellulose

Question 51

result from carbohydrates being linked to proteins and lipids

Answer 51

glycoconjugates

Question 52

distinguished from other glycoproteins by their high carbohydrate content, roles in organizing extracellular matrix, involved in signal transduction

Answer 52

proteoglycans

Question 53

example of a genetic disorder involving the metabolism of proteoglycans

Answer 53

hurler's syndrome

Question 54

polysaccharide in which parallel strands are joined by hydrogen bonds

Answer 54

cellulose | chitin

Question 55

used for structural support in the cell walls of fungi and the external skeletons of insects and crustaceans contain a nitrogen group

Answer 55

chitin

Question 56

used for structural support in bacterial cell walls and have a chain of four amino acids

Answer 56

peptidoglycans