Structure of DNA

Question 1

linear polymers of nucleotides that function in the storage and expression of genetic information, and its transfer from one generation to the next

Answer 1

Nucleic Acid

Question 2

two types of nucleic acids

Answer 2

ribonucleic acid (RNA)
De-oxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

Question 3

the three molecular components of nucleotides

Answer 3

nitrogenous base
pentose sugar
phosphate

Question 4

six membered heterocyclic rings of C and N

Answer 4

Pyrimidines

Question 5

fused six membered and five membered heterocyclic rings of C and N

Answer 5

purines

Question 6

N-groups can accept protons, giving “basic” properties to the molecule

Answer 6

bases

Question 7

three characteristics of xanthine and hypoxanthine

Answer 7

rarely occur
are removed during DNA repair
are intermediates in nucleotide catabolism

Question 8

which bases are found in DNA

Answer 8

adenine
guanine
thymine
cytosine

Question 9

which bases are found in RNA

Answer 9

adenine
guanine
uracil
cytosine

Question 10

secondary metabolites of cocoa beans and tea leaves

act as diuretic, cardiac stimulant, and esp vasodilator

Answer 10

theobromine and theophylline

Question 11

stimulant
diuretic
antagonist to adenosine

Answer 11

caffeine

Question 12

nitrogenous bases attached to sugars

Answer 12

nucleosides

Question 13

inhibitory neurotransmitter synthesized in the brain, binds to its respective receptor

Answer 13

adenosine

Question 14

binding of adenosine causes

Answer 14

drowsiness

dilation of blood vessels

Question 15

what competes with adenosine receptor to cause opposite effects

Answer 15

caffeine

Question 16

antibiotic produced from fungus cordyceps militaris

which inhibits the final step of RNA biosynthesis by termination of the ribonucleotide chain

Answer 16

cordycepin (3’ deoxy adenosine)

Question 17

plant hormones derived from adenine
contains adenine ring system with an attached 5-carbon hydrophobic group at free NH2
promote cell division in plants

Answer 17

cytokinins

Question 18

when you have the base, phosphate and sugar all together

Answer 18

nucleotide

Question 19

phosphate acceptor/donor

Answer 19

ATP

Question 20

protein synthesis and signal transduction

Answer 20

GTP

Question 21

Membrane and storage lipid synthesis

Answer 21

CTP

Question 22

carbohydrate synthesis and degradation

Answer 22

UTP

Question 23

bond between the 5’ carbon and the oxygen of the first phosphate group in ATP

Answer 23

phosphoester bond

Question 24

bonds between the oxygens of the second and third phosphate groups in ATP

Answer 24

phosphoanhydride bonds

Question 25

a molecule that ATP is able to borrow phosphate groups from

Answer 25

phosphocreatine

Question 26

the energy difference before and after a process or reaction occurs

Answer 26

delta G | gibbs free energy

Question 27

if delta G is +

Answer 27

input of energy required

Question 28

if delta G -

Answer 28

energy is given off | the reaction is spontaneous

Question 29

a short lived intracellular chemical signal molecule that relays a message from an external "first messenger" which will lead to a cascade of events

Answer 29

secondary messenger

Question 30

common first messengers

Answer 30

hormones and neurotransmitters

Question 31

common secondary messengers

Answer 31

calcium ions inositol-Pi3 diacylglycerol cyclic nucleotides

Question 32

how is cAMP formed

Answer 32

the oxygen on the phosphate group wraps around to bond with the 3' carbon

Question 33

involved in many signal cascades including hormone signaling, apoptosis, disease reactions, neuron function

Answer 33

adenylate cyclase (cAMP)

Question 34

involved in nitric oxide signaling, blood pressure homeostasis, nerve impulse transmission, and stress response in plants

Answer 34

guanylate cyclase (cGMP)

Question 35

enzyme that produces cyclic amp

Answer 35

adenylate cyclase

Question 36

explain the cAMP mediated signal transduction

Answer 36

first messengers bind to receptor activate G protein which changes GDP to GTP activates active adenylate cyclase creates cAMP

Question 37

adenine and thymine form how many hydrogen bonds

Answer 37

2

Question 38

guanine and cytosine form how many hydrogen bonds

Answer 38

3

Question 39

DNA and RNA are always read from ____ to ____

Answer 39

5' to 3'

Question 40

what is the distance for the major groove

Answer 40

3.3 nm

Question 41

how many bases are stacked in a major groove

Answer 41

10

Question 42

each base is how long

Answer 42

0.34 nm

Question 43

what is the most stable form of DNA

Answer 43

B-DNA

Question 44

form when DNA/RNA duplexes form and due to low hydration

Answer 44

A-DNA

Question 45

left handed DNA that can form as a result of torsion during transcription

Answer 45

Z-DNA

Question 46

helps to compact DNA into cell nucleus

Answer 46

supercoiling

Question 47

help with the supercoiling process

Answer 47

histones

Question 48

chromatin is

Answer 48

DNA and histones

Question 49

8 histones with DNA wound to it

Answer 49

neucleosome

Question 50

structure of chromatin when neucleosomes are spread out from each other, is easily manipulated, beads on a string model.

Answer 50

euchromatin

Question 51

neucleosomes and DNA are packed so tightly, no free DNA is available for manipulation

Answer 51

heterochromatin

Question 52

performed experiments with a harmless and deadly bacteria strains on mice to

Answer 52

Griffith

Question 53

proved that only DNA transformed strain R, ie, only isolated DNA from strain S could make strain R harmful, not proteins

Answer 53

Avery, MacLeod, and McCarthy

Question 54

further proved that DNA is the genetic material using viruses

Answer 54

hershey and chase