Introduction to Animal Nutrition.

Question 1

How long ago were animals first domesticated?

Answer 1

Between 6000 to 10 000 yrs ago.

Question 2

Why were animals domesticated by humans?

Answer 2

They were used for hunting.

They were used to create clothes.

They were used for food.

Question 3

Did early man ever waste any material from an animal carcass?

Answer 3

No.

Question 4

How are the affluence of a population and the consumption of animal protein related?

Answer 4

As the affluence of a population increase’s, the consumption of protein also increases.

Question 5

How much food is wasted by modern man?

Answer 5

Around 1/3.

Question 6

What percentage of people are hungry?

Answer 6

1 in 7.

Question 7

How does the overconsumption of food affect the human body?

Answer 7

It leads to obesity.

Question 8

What are the negative health effects that are related to obesity?

Answer 8

Heart disease.

Diabetes.

Cancer.

Question 9

What kind of lifestyle was early man said to have lived?

Answer 9

A hunter-gatherer lifestyle.

Question 10

What are the major characteristics of a hunter-gatherer lifestyle?

Answer 10

Lots of fasting due to a low meal frequency.

Lots of exercise due to catching their own food.

Question 11

What kind of foods were eaten in a hunter-gatherer diet?

Answer 11

Many different foods such as meat, fish and different fruits and vegetables.

Question 12

What kind of lifestyle is modern man said to lead?

Answer 12

A sedentary lifestyle.

Question 13

What are the characteristics of a sedentary lifestyle?

Answer 13

Physical inactivity.

High meal frequency.

High intake of calories.

Question 14

What are 4 concerns that are related to the production of food?

Answer 14

Food must be provided.

Food security.

Food safety.

Food sovereignty.

Question 15

Which country has the highest milk production?

Answer 15

The USA.

Question 16

How many cows does the average dairy have?

Answer 16

100 milking cows.

30 dry cows.

30 heifers.

25 calves.

Question 17

Which country is the largest exporter of cattle?

Answer 17

India or the USA.

Question 18

How have beef cattle changed with changes in farming?

Answer 18

They have increased in size.

Their market age has decreased as growth happens more quickly.

Question 19

What kind of organisms are farmed in the poultry industry?

Answer 19

Chickens.

Geese.

Ducks.

Turkey.

Pigeons.

Question 20

What country is responsible for producing half of whe worlds pork?

Answer 20

China.

Question 21

The pork industry is usually found in what area of the USA?

Answer 21

Near the maize belt.

Question 22

What is aquaculture?

Answer 22

The farming or rearing of aquatic plants and animals.

Question 23

What is farming?

Answer 23

The way that man can intervene in the rearing process to enhance stocking and protect animals from predators.

Question 24

What is the most eficient method of farming?

Answer 24

Aquaculture as fish are very eficient converters of food to protein.

Question 25

What 5 ways do domesticated animals contribute to the wellbeing of humans?

Answer 25

They provide food. They provide clothing. They provide power. They provide recreation. They provide companionship.

Question 26

What is nutrition?

Answer 26

The utilisation of food by the body.

Question 27

How does the body utilise food?

Answer 27

It converts food into energy which can be used for various activities.

Question 28

Why is animal nutrition important?

Answer 28

It helps us to provide good quality food animals. It allows us to take care of animals It provides a link to the causes of many health problems. It directs our work and income in agriculture.

Question 29

How is animal nutrition important to the finances of different countries?

Answer 29

Because countries that raise animals for food can sell them to other countries.

Question 30

What are nutrients?

Answer 30

Essential elements that support life.

Question 31

In what 3 ways will nutrients support life?

Answer 31

Body growth. Energy production. Body functions.

Question 32

What are the 6 essential nutrients?

Answer 32

Proteins. Carbohydrates. Fats. Minerals. Vitamins. Water.

Question 33

What are proteins?

Answer 33

Organic compounds that contain amino acids.

Question 34

What elements are found within all amino acids?

Answer 34

Carbon. Hydrogen. Oxygen. Nitrogen.

Question 35

What are amino acids used for?

Answer 35

They are the building blocks of the body and are used for growth and cellular repair.

Question 36

Proteins are development of what?

Answer 36

Of a foetus.

Question 37

How does the body obtain most of its amino acids?

Answer 37

It can make them.

Question 38

What are the amino acids which the body cannot make, but are required by the body?

Answer 38

The essential amino acids.

Question 39

How does the body obtain the essential amino acids?

Answer 39

From the diet.

Question 40

How do non-ruminants syntheise amino acids?

Answer 40

Via bacterial action in the rumen.

Question 41

What is a good source of essential amino acids?

Answer 41

Animal protein.

Question 42

What is a poor source of essential amino acids?

Answer 42

Plant protein.

Question 43

Why is plant protein considered to be a poor source of amino acids?

Answer 43

Because it lacks essential amino acids.

Question 44

What will ruminants use to synthesise essential amino acids?

Answer 44

Plant protein and urea.

Question 45

What is urea?

Answer 45

It is made from a synthetic nitrogen source that is mixed into feed.

Question 46

Urea can be described as what?

Answer 46

A cost effective protein source.

Question 47

What is an NPN?

Answer 47

A non protein nitrogen compound. It is the nitrogen part of urea and this is the building block for protein production by microbes in the rumen.

Question 48

How much nitrogen does urea usually contain?

Answer 48

Around 45%.

Question 49

How much nitrogen do proteins usually contain?

Answer 49

Around 16%.

Question 50

How much more protein can be made from urea than animal protein?

Answer 50

Around 281%.

Question 51

Does urea contain any other useful nutrients, other than protein?

Answer 51

No. Urea contains no other useful feed components such as energy, minerals, or vitamins

Question 52

What kind of stomachs will non-ruminants have?

Answer 52

Simple stomachs.

Question 53

How will non-ruminants obtain their protein?

Answer 53

From a balanced diet.

Question 54

From where will non-ruminants obtain their essential amino acids?

Answer 54

From dietary proteins.

Question 55

What is the most common source of protein for dogs?

Answer 55

Soybean meal.

Question 56

What makes up a balanced diet for dogs?

Answer 56

Carbohydrates from cereals and proteins from a protein source.

Question 57

What nutrient provides most of the energy for animals?

Answer 57

Carbohydrates.

Question 58

What units are used to measure energy?

Answer 58

Calories.

Question 59

How do carbohydrates help to produce animals for human consumption?

Answer 59

They help with growth, fattening and reproduction.

Question 60

What foods do carbohydrates come from?

Answer 60

From sugars, starches & fibrous feeds.

Question 61

What are simple carbohydrates?

Answer 61

Sugars and starches.

Question 62

Are simple carbohydrates easy to digest?

Answer 62

Yes.

Question 63

What are simple carbohydrates referred to as?

Answer 63

Nitrogen Free Extract (NFE).

Question 64

What are complex carbohydrates?

Answer 64

Fibres such as lignin and pectin.

Question 65

Are complex carbohydrates easy to digest?

Answer 65

No, they are quite hard to digest.

Question 66

What are complex carbohydrates usually found in?

Answer 66

In grass.

Question 67

What are the characteristics of concentrated carbohydrates?

Answer 67

High in energy, low in fibre.

Question 68

What defines a concentrated carbohydrate?

Answer 68

Any feed that is under 20% in fibre and over 60% in total digestable nutrients.

Question 69

What are examples of concentrated carbohydrates?

Answer 69

Cereal grains. Molasses. Dry milk products.

Question 70

What are the characteristics of roughage carbohydrates?

Answer 70

A high fibre content.

Question 71

What defines a concentrated carbohydrate?

Answer 71

Any feed that is over 20% fibre and under 60% in total digestable nutrients.

Question 72

How digestible are roughage carbohydrates?

Answer 72

Around 50-65% digestible.

Question 73

What are examples of roughage carbohydrates?

Answer 73

Hay. Silage. Grazed forage.

Question 74

Are fats and oils easy to digest?

Answer 74

Yes.

Question 75

Do fats or carbohydrates have more energy?

Answer 75

Fats have around 2.25 more calories per lb.

Question 76

What state will fats be in at room temperature?

Answer 76

They will be solid.

Question 77

What states will oils be in at room temperature?

Answer 77

They will be liquid.

Question 78

What are fats composed of?

Answer 78

3 fatty acids and glycerol.

Question 79

What are the 3 types of fats?

Answer 79

Saturated fats. Unsaturated fats. Polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Question 80

How many fatty acids have been identified?

Answer 80

Over 100.

Question 81

What fatty acids are essential to livestock?

Answer 81

Linoleic and alpha linoleic fatty acids.

Question 82

Where are minerals needed within the body?

Answer 82

They are needed in all parts of the body, especially bones and teeth.

Question 83

What body functions will minerals affect?

Answer 83

Almost all body functions, including heartbeat and blood oxygen levels.

Question 84

What nutrient is essential for bodily functions?

Answer 84

Minerals.

Question 85

How are macrominerals measured?

Answer 85

As a % of the food ration.

Question 86

How are microminerals measured?

Answer 86

In ppm.

Question 87

What are 4 common major minerals that can be obtained by the body from the diet?

Answer 87

Sodium. Chlorine. Calcium. Phosphorous.

Question 88

What will the body use vitamins for?

Answer 88

To protect the body against disease, to promote growth, and to contribute to overall balanced health.

Question 89

What are the fat soluble vitamins?

Answer 89

Vitamins A; D; E and K.

Question 90

What are water soluble vitamins?

Answer 90

Vitamin B.

Question 91

What vitamins tend to be added to the feeds of ruminants?

Answer 91

Vitamins A; D and E.

Question 92

What 5 elements that are added to swine feed?

Answer 92

Vitamins A; D; E; K and B12 Riboflavin. Niacin. Choline, Pantothenic acid

Question 93

What is the most abundant nutrient in the body?

Answer 93

Water.

Question 94

A deficiency of which nutrient will lead to a very quick death?

Answer 94

A water deficiency.

Question 95

What are the 6 ways that water can help the body?

Answer 95

It regulates body temperature. It helps define the shapes of cells. It transports nutrients to cell and excretions from cells. It helps the body digest food. It removes waste from the body. It lubricates joints and body organs.