Rabies.

Question 1

What kind of disease is rabies?

Answer 1

An acute, progressive viral disease.

Question 2

What kind of animals are primarily affected by rabies?

Answer 2

Carnivores and bats.

Although any mammal can be affected.

Question 3

When will rabies become a fatal disease?

Answer 3

When clinical signs appear.

Question 4

Does rabies have any particular distribution around the world?

Answer 4

It is global.

Question 5

How have some countries become rabies-free?

Answer 5

Due to an island status or due to successful elimination programs combined with strict quarantine laws.

Question 6

What is the largest reservoir for the rabies virus?

Answer 6

The dog.

Question 7

What is the best way to eliminating canine rabies?

Answer 7

Good management of local animal populations, by vaccination of dogs and responsible pet ownership.

Question 8

What kind of virus causes rabies?

Answer 8

The Lyssavirus in the family Rabdoviridae.

Question 9

What kind of animals are vulnerable to being infected by rabies?

Answer 9

All warm-blooded animals are vulnerable to rabies.

Question 10

What are 2 huge factors that affects susceptibility to rabies?

Answer 10

The type of virus and the bite site.

Question 11

How is rabies transmitted?

Answer 11

In saliva from the bite of an infected animal.

Question 12

What are commonly the animals that are most suseptible to rabies?

Answer 12

Foxes, coyote, jackals, wolves and certain rodents.

Question 13

What animals in Grenada may be a large reservoir for raibies?

Answer 13

Mongeese.

Question 14

What kind of animals are less likely to be affected by rabies?

Answer 14

Domestic dogs, sheep, goats, horses and nonhuman primates.

Question 15

How does age affect susceptibility to rabies?

Answer 15

Younger animals are usually more susceptible than older ones.

Question 16

What kind of viruses are highly neurotropic?

Answer 16

Lyssaviruses.

Question 17

Other than salvia entering through a bite, what other route of transmission is far less likely to lead to the transmission of rabies?

Answer 17

Transmission of the virus via saliva, salivary glands, or brain can cause infection by entering via a wound.

Question 18

Are animals capable of shedding the rabies vius?

Answer 18

Yes.

Viral shedding in skunks has been reported for up to 8 days before onset of signs.

Question 19

What 4 factors will influence the incubation period of rabies?

Answer 19

The age of the bitten individual.

How severe the bite is.

The distance from the bite site to the spinal cord or brain.

They type and quantity of virus introduced.

Question 20

How long does rabies take to develop in dogs once exposure has occurred?

Answer 20

Between 21–80 days after exposure.

Question 21

What will the virus do once its has gained access to the body at the bite site?

Answer 21

It travels down the peripheral nerves to the spinal cord and ascends to the brain where it will replicate.

Question 22

Will rabies affect organs other than the brain?

Answer 22

Yes.

After replication in the CNS, the virus may be found in nearly every organ.

Question 23

What are the 3 phases that the clinical course of rabies is divided into?

Answer 23

Prodromal.

Acute excitative.

Paralytic/end stage.

Question 24

Why are the 3 phases of rabies of little practical value?

Answer 24

Due to the variability of signs and the irregular lengths of the phases.

Question 25

What signs do animals usually show in the prodromal period of rabies?

Answer 25

Vague nonspecific signs, which intensify rapidly leading to death.

Question 26

How long does the prodromal period usually last?

Answer 26

1-3 days.

Question 27

Is it possible for some animals to die without showing any clinical signs of rabies?

Answer 27

Yes.

Question 28

What form of rabies is said to lead to the clasical mad dog syndrome?

Answer 28

The furious form.

Question 29

What are the classic signs of the furious form of rabies?

Answer 29

The animal becomes irritable with the slightest provocation and may bite.

Question 30

Will animals with the furious form of rabies have any fear of humans?

Answer 30

No.

Question 31

What symptom of rabies will eventually lead to death?

Answer 31

Gradual paralysis.

Question 32

What is the paralytic form of rabies usually chracterised by?

Answer 32

Ataxia and paralysis of the throat, there is often profuse salivation and and inability to swallow.

Question 33

What is a common sign of rabies in dogs?

Answer 33

Dropping of the lower jaw.

Question 34

Will animals with the paralytic form of rabies be vicious?

Answer 34

Its unliekly.

Question 35

How is rabies diagnosed?

Answer 35

A definitive diagnosis is required through laboratory confirmation.

Question 36

What other diseases can rabies be confused with if it is caught in its early stages?

Answer 36

Many diseases and the agression can be confused with normal aggressive tendencies.

Question 37

What is the most common solution to rabid animals?

Answer 37

Euthenasia.

Question 38

What process allows direct visual observation of a specific antigen-antibody reaction from rabies?

Answer 38

Immunofluorescence microscopy.

Question 39

What areas of the brain must be examined when trying to diagnose rabies?

Answer 39

The medulla oblongata.

The cerebellum.

Question 40

What are the 5 guidlines for control of rabied in dogs by the WHO?

Answer 40

1) Notification of suspected cases, and euthanasia of dogs with clinical signs.
2) Reduction of contact rates between healthy and susceptible dogs.
3) Mass immunization of dogs.
4) Stray dog control and euthanasia of unvaccinated dogs.
5) Dog registration.

Question 41

How do Europe and Canda help to vaccinate wildlife populations from rabies?

Answer 41

Via oral vaccines distributed in baits to control fox rabies.

Question 42

What has successfully eliminated coyote rabies in southern Texas?

Answer 42

Use of a vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein recombinant virus vaccine.