INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIOLOGY Flashcards
(101 cards)
1
Q
Father of protozoology and bacteriology
A
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
2
Q
they lack nuclear membrane and a true nucleus, mitochondria an endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi bodies.
A
Prokaryotes
3
Q
membrane-bound nucleus
A
Eukaryotes
4
Q
exist as unicellular organisms of microscopic size, whereas others are multicellular organisms
A
Eukaryotic parasites
5
Q
unicellular organisms within the kingdom Protista that obtain their nutrition through ingestion.
A
Protozoa
6
Q
cannot produce all of its nutrients
A
Heterotrophic
7
Q
hyphae that interweave to form mats
A
Mycelia
8
Q
obtain nutrients through absorption
A
Eukaryotes
8
Q
fungi that have yeast and mold phase
A
Dimorphic
9
Q
multicellular fungi that reproduce asexually
A
Yeasts
9
Q
filaments of fungi
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Hyphae
10
Q
filamentous forms that can reproduce asexually and sexually.
A
Molds
11
Q
virus that infects and possibly destroys bacterial cells.
A
Bacteriophage
11
Q
fusion of host cells into multinucleated infected forms.
A
Syncytium
12
Q
genetic makeup of an organism
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Genotype
12
Q
visible changes
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Cytopathic cells
13
Q
complete virus outside a cell
A
Varion
14
Q
Orderly classification and grouping of organisms
into categories.
A
Classification/taxonomy
Nomenclature
Identification
15
Q
domains of plants and protists
A
Eukarya
15
Q
observable traits and functional features of an organism.
A
Phenotype
15
Q
named similarly to animals; instead divisions phyla is used
A
Protists
16
Q
are placed in the domains Bacteria and Archaea
A
Prokaryotes
17
Q
last name
A
Genus
17
Q
human clan
A
Family
18
human first name
Species
19
smaller than a typical rbc but larger than a virus
bacteria
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based on susceptibility to specific bacterial phages
Phage typing
20
basis of serologic differences
Serovarieties
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basis of phenotypic differences
Subspecies
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provides naming assignments for each organisms
Nomenclature
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basis of biochemical test result differences
Biovarieties
23
spores are located at the end
terminal spores
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spores are located at the middle
central spores
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spores are located near at the end
subterminal spores
26
largest and most inclusive taxa
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
27
found in microorganisms that grow under extreme environmental conditions
Archaea
28
structure of the cell envelope and enzymes of archaea allows them to survive under stressful or extreme conditions
Extremophiles
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salt-loving cells
Halophiles
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heat – loving cells
Thermophiles
31
prokaryotic cells that infect eukaryotic hosts
Pathogenic bacteria
32
inhibit bacterial growth without harming eukaryotic host cells
Antimicrobial agents
33
inventor of the ultracentrifuge
Theodor Svedberg
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bacterias that produce endosphores in response to harsh environmental conditions.
Bacillus and Clostridium
35
small, dormant, asexual spores that develop inside the bacterial cell as a means of survival, not reproduction.
Endosphores
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highly refractile bodies in the cell and are visualized with Gram stain as unstained areas in a cell because of their thick protein coat.
Spores
37
most commonly used endospore stain
Schaeffer-Fulton stain
38
causative agent of tetanus
Clostridium tetani
39
made of phospholipids and proteins and does not contain
sterols.
Prokaryotic plasma membrane
40
contain sterols, it acts as an osmotic barrier and the location of the electron transport chain, where energy is generated.
Eukaryotic plasma membrane
41
maintains the shape of the cell and prevents bursting of the cell from high osmotic pressure inside it
Cell wall
42
principle component of the gram-positive cell wall
Thick peptidoglycan wall
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unique to the gram-positive cell wall.
Teichoic acid
Lipoteichoic acid
44
responsible for producing fever and shock in animals infected with gramnegative bacteria; acts as a barrier to hydrophobic compounds and harmful substances
Lipid A moiety
44
lack the rigidity of the cell wall, they are seen in various shapes microscopically.
Pleomorphic
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waxy layer of glycolipids and fatty acids in the acid-fast cell wall
Mycolic acid
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distinct component of fungal cell walls
Chitin
47
largest bacterium known found in ocean sediment
Thiomargarita namibiensis
48
bacilli with tapered, pointed ends
Fusiform
49
species differ in size and shape within a pure culture
Pleomorphic
50
used in the classification and identification of microorganisms
Stains
51
most commonly used stain in the clinical microbiology laboratory.
Gram stain
52
used to stain bacteria that have a high mycolic acid and wax content in their cell walls and do not stain well with traditional bacterial stains
Acid fast stain
53
fluorochrome dye that stains gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, living or dead. It binds to the nucleic acid of the cell and is used to locate bacteria in blood cultures and other specimens.
Acridine orange
53
binds to chitin in fungal cell walls. Used in high-volume laundries to whiten yellow-appearing white cotton and other fabrics.
Calcofluor white
53
used to screen specimens for acid-fast bacteria
Fluorochrome stain
54
used as a counterstain in acid-fast staining procedures, used as a simple stain to detect white blood cells in stool samples
Methylene blue
55
used to stain the cell walls of medically important fungi grown in slide cultures
Lactophenol cotton blue
56
negative stains used to visualize capsules surrounding certain yeasts
India ink
57
used to stain bacterial spores.
Endospore stain
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primary stain of endospore stain
malachite green
58
able to grow simply, using carbon dioxide
Autotrophs
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require more complex substances for growth; used as both the carbon source and energy source
Heterotrophs
60
contain nutrients that support the growth of most non-fastidious organisms
Nonselective or nutritive type
61
contains added growth factors, such as blood, vitamins, and yeast extract.
Enriched mediums
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contains additives such as dyes, bile salts, alcohols, acids, and microbial agents that inhibit the growth of some bacteria.
Selective media
63
allow visualization of metabolic differences between groups or species of bacteria
Differential media
63
distinguishes between lactose fermenters and nonlactose fermenters
MAC agar
63
Most pathogenic bacteria grow best at a neutral pH
7.0-7.5
63
distinguishes between hemolytic and non hemolytic organisms
Sheep blood agar
63
to recover small numbers of organisms that may be present in a clinical sample
Broth media
64
used to enhance the growth of group B streptococci
Lim broth
64
holding medium designed to preserve the viability of microorganisms in the specimen but not allow multiplication
Transport medium
64
encourage the growth of small numbers of a particular organism while suppressing other bacteria
Enrichment broth
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cold temperature (10-20 degrees C)
Psychrophiles
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moderate temperatures (20-40 degrees C), grow near the human core body temperature
Mesophiles
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high temperatures (50-60 degrees C)
Thermophiles
68
require oxygen for growth
Obligate aerobes
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cannot grow in the presence of oxygen
Obligate anaerobes
70
can survive in the presence of oxygen but grow poorly and do not use oxygen in metabolism
Aerotolerant anaerobes
71
less energy yielding than aerobic respiration
Anaerobic respiration
71
consists of the biochemical reactions bacteria used to break down organic compounds and the reactions they use to synthesize new molecules from smaller subunits.
Microbial metabolism
71
can grow either with or without oxygen
Facultative anaerobes
71
require a reduced level of oxygen to grow
Microaerophilic bacteria
71
efficient energy-generating process in which molecular oxygen is the final electron acceptor.
Aerobic respiration
71
require an atmosphere enriched with carbon dioxide
Capnophilic bacteria
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bacterial growth is replicated by
binary fusion
71
Alternative to EMP pathway for carbohydrate metabolism
PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY
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anaerobic process carried out by obligate, facultative, and aerotolerant anaerobes.
Fermentation
71
most important pathway for the complete oxidation of a substrate
Krebs cycle
71
Converts glucose-6-phosphate to pyruvate and glyceraldehyde phosphate, which can be funneled into other pathways
ENTNER-DOUDOROFF PATHWAY
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Major pathway in conversion of glucose to pyruvate
EMBDEN MEYERHOF PARVAS GLYCOLYTIC PATHWAY
