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BIOLOGY :( > Introduction to Biology > Flashcards

Introduction to Biology Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

Levels of organisation

A
  1. atoms
  2. chemical
  3. cellular
  4. tissue
  5. organ
  6. organ system
  7. organism
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2
Q

What are atoms and molecules

A

atoms = smallest chemical units of matter
molecules = a group of atoms working together

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3
Q

Macromolecules

A

proteins, carbohydrates, lipids/fats, nucleic acids

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4
Q

define a cell

A

cells - a group of atoms, molecules + organelles working together
basic unit of life

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5
Q

tissue level

A

tissue = a group of similar cells working together

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6
Q

what are the 4 primary tissue types

A
  1. Epithelial
  2. Connective
  3. Muscle
  4. Nervous/ Neural
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7
Q

Organ Level

A

organ = a group of different tissues working together. Made up of different tissues/ organs functions are supplied by the tissues

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8
Q

Organ system level

A

an organ system is a group of organs working together. humans have 11 organ systems

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9
Q

what are the organ system functions

A
  • control / direct
  • cool and warm
  • digest
  • move
  • protect
  • remove
  • reproduce
  • store
  • support
  • transport
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10
Q

organism level

A

human is an organism

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11
Q

3 body planes

A
  1. sagital plane
  2. frontal plane
  3. transverse plane
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12
Q

Sagital plane

A

divides into left and right

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13
Q

Frontal Plane

A

divides into front and back

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14
Q

Transverse Plane

A

divides into upper and lower body

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15
Q

define a cell

A

combinations of many chemicals form our cells
cells are the basic structural and functional units of body

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16
Q

Germ Cells

A

either spermatoza of males or oocytes of females

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17
Q

somatic cells

A

all body cells except germ cells

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18
Q

Functions of plasma membrane

A
  • maintains the composition of ICF and ECF
  • determines movement of substances into and out of cells
  • communicates with other cells and organs (receptors)
  • links adjacent cells
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19
Q

Structural features of plasma membrane

A
  1. phospholipids
    - hydrophilic phosphate heads
    - hydrophobic lipid tails
  2. Proteins (peripheral or integral)
    -channels, gates, or pumps
    -carrier proteins
    -receptors
    -anchoring proteins
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20
Q

selective permeability

A
  • due to the structure of the membrane - lipid bilayer
  • lets some substances in/out of cell, but stops others
  • distinction based on: solubility, size, charge
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21
Q

Simple diffusion

A

the movement of molecule directly through the phospholipid bilayer from high concentration to low concentration (until concentration is same on both sides), moves down concentration gradient

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22
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

movement of an ion or molecule from an area of high concentration to low concentration via channel or carrier protein

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23
Q

Osmosis

A

movement of water molecules [high sol] and [low H20] then to [low sol] and [high H20]. Continues until the concentration gradient is eliminated

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24
Q

active transport

A

movement of ion or molecule from a [low concentration gradient] to [high concentration gradient]. via channel or carrier protein. USES ATP

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25
Exocytosis
release of fluids/solids from cell via intracellular vesicles, ATP is required
26
Diffusion rates are influenced by what:
distance, molecular size, temperature, concentration gradient, electrical force
27
Homeostasis
Maintenance of a stable internal environment in the face of external change.
28
How is homeostasis maintained
through regulating systems, especially the nervous and endocrine systems.
29
Feedback system components
Controlled condition, Stimulus, Receptor, Control centre, effector, response
30
Negative feedback
the response opposes the stimulus. Used in conditions that need frequent adjustments eg. body temperature
31
Positive feedback
the response strengthens or enhances the stimulus to produce an even greater change. These are produced when wanting to produce a large, rapid change
32
What is a microorganism?
Tiny living organisms that can reproduce independently.
33
What is a prokaryote?
Small, unicellular, no membrane-bound organelles, asexual reproduction.
34
What is a eukaryote?
Large, multicellular, membrane-bound organelles, sexual reproduction.
35
Are viruses living organisms
No
36
Whats inside a virus
DNA or RNA inside a protein capsule
37
Can viruses mutate
Yes
38
Are antibiotics effective against viruses
No
39
What type of cell is bacteria
Prokaryote
40
Are bacteria unicellular or multicellular
mostly unicellular
41
Do bacteria have a cell wall
Yes
42
Give examples of bacteria
Salmonella, Golden. Staph, Syphilis
43
What type of cells are protozoa
Eukaryotic
44
Are protozoa unicellular or multicellular
unicellular
45
give examples of protozoa
Malaria
46
What type of cells are fungi
Eukaryotic
47
Are fungi uni or multi cellular
can be both
48
Do they have a cell wall and how do they reproduce
cell wall: yes Reproduce: produce spores
49
Example of fungi
Ringworm
50
What type of organism are helminths
Eukaryotic
51
Are helminths unicellular or multicellular
Multicellular
52
Give an example of helminths
Cestodiasis
53
What is the 3 types of transmission of disease
Contact, Vechile, Vector
54
What is contact transmission
Direct touch or touching contaminated objects
55
What is vechile transmission
Through air, water or food
56
What is vector transmission
Transfer by animals like mosquitoes or ticks
57
What is the chain of infection
Mode of transmission, portal of entry, susceptible host, infectious agent, reservoir, portal of exit.
58
What is sterilisation
destruction of all microbes
59
What is disinfection
Elimination of most pathogens from inanimate objects
60
What is sanitation
Safe disposal of human waste

BIOLOGY :( (13 decks)

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