Urinary system

Question 1

what is the primary function of the renal system

Answer 1

filter waste from bloodstream, concentrate it into urine, transport, store and eliminate urine

Question 2

what are the macro-anatomy structures of the renal systems

Answer 2

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

Question 3

what are the secondary homeostatic functions of the renal system

Answer 3

bloo dpressure regulation, blood pH regulation, calcium balance, blood glucose regulation, fluid and electrolyte balance

Question 4

where does filtration and urine production occur

Answer 4

kidneys

Question 5

what is the structural form of the kidneys

Answer 5

paired, highly vascular, reddish-brown organs

Question 6

what is the functional unit of the kidneys

Answer 6

nephron

Question 7

where are nephrons located

Answer 7

renal cortex and medulla

Question 8

what connects nephrons to the renal pelvis

Answer 8

collecting ducts via calices

Question 9

what is filtrate composed of

Answer 9

water, amino acids, Na+, glucose, urea, creatinine

Question 10

what % of glucose is reabsorbed by the proximal tubule

Answer 10

100%, unless transporters are overwhelmed

Question 11

what is the composition of urine

Answer 11

water (95%), NaCl, K+, H+, creatinine, urea

Question 12

what are the three layers of the ureters

Answer 12

epithelium, smooth muscle, connective tissue

Question 13

what muscle causes peristalsis in the ureters

Answer 13

smooth muscle

Question 14

what is the capacity of the adult urinary bladder

Answer 14

approx 700-800ml

Question 15

what muscle allows bladder contraction

Answer 15

detrusor muscle

Question 16

what controls the internal sphincter

Answer 16

smooth muscle (involuntary control)

Question 17

what controls the external sphincter

Answer 17

skeletal muscle (voluntary control)

Question 18

what nervous systems are involved in the storage phase

Answer 18

sympathetic, somatic

Question 19

how does the kidney regulate bp in the long term

Answer 19

by controlling blood volume via fluid retention or excretion

Question 20

what is the blood ph range

Answer 20

7.35-7.45

Question 21

what hormone is involved in calcium regulation

Answer 21

parathyroid hormone affects calcium reabsorption

Question 22

how does the kidney regulate cellular oxygen

Answer 22

by releasing erythropoietin (EPO), stimulating RBC production

Question 23

what happens to glucose in the renal system

Answer 23

filtered by glomerulus, fully reabsorbed unless transport maximum is exceeded

Question 24

what % of body water is intracellular

Answer 24

approx 60% of total body water

Question 25

what drives glomerular filtration

Answer 25

pressure gradients across the glomerular membrane

Question 26

what happens with afferent arteriole vasoconstriction

Answer 26

decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

Question 27

what happens with efferent arteriole vasoconstriction

Answer 27

increased glomerular filtration pressure

Question 28

what might cause dark yellow urine

Answer 28

dehydration

Question 29

what might cause cloudy or turbid urine

Answer 29

infection or high solute content

Question 30

what might high protein levels in urine indicate

Answer 30

glomerular damage or disease

Question 31

what is the normal solute composition of urine

Answer 31

Na+, K+, Cl-, H+, HCO3-, creatinine, urea