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Cytogenetics 2ndYR 2ndSem Prelims > Introduction to Cytogenetics > Flashcards

Introduction to Cytogenetics Flashcards

1
Q

the study of heredity and variation

A

Genetics

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2
Q

study of transmission of traits and biological information between generations

A

Heredity

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3
Q

unit of heredity & segment of DNA carrying information

A

Gene

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4
Q

3 categories of traits

A

Morphological
Physiological
Behavioral

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5
Q

3 primary sources of genetic variation

A

Mutations
Gene flow
Sex

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6
Q

Changes in DNA

A

Mutations

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7
Q

Movement of genes from one population to another

A

Gene flow

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8
Q

Introduces new genetic combination that leads to genetic shuffling

A

Sex

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9
Q

1st law of Classical Genetics

A

Law of Segregation

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10
Q

2nd law of Classical Genetics

A

Law of Independent Assortment

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11
Q

Law of Independent Assortment is based on?

A

Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance

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12
Q

5 Nitrogenous bases

A

Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Thymine
Uracil

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13
Q

DNA or RNA

Adenine pairs with Thymine and Cytosine with Guanine

A

DNA

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14
Q

DNA or RNA

Adenine pairs with Uracil and Cytosine with Guanine

A

RNA

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15
Q

Types of RNA

A

messenger RNA
transfer RNA
ribosomal RNA

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16
Q

Study about the changes in gene frequencies

A

Evolutionary Genetics

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17
Q

Living organisms may come from non-living material

A

Abiogenesis

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18
Q

Theory that organisms develop from mini versions of themselves

A

Preformation

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19
Q

He studied a cork and coined the term “cell”

A

Robert Hooke (1665)

20
Q

Discovered living organisms particularly the protozoa and bacteria from rainwater

A

Anton van Leuwenhoek (1674)

21
Q

Published The Origin of Species, which describes the theory of evolution by natural selection

A

Charles Darwin (1859)

22
Q

Published Experiments in Plant Hybridization

A

Gregor Mendel (1866)

23
Q

Isolated nucleic acid from pus cells

First to identify DNA as a distinct molecule and that the genetic material is located in the nucleus

A

Friedrich Miescher (1869)

24
Q

Proved that the genetic material is indeed located in the nucleus

A

Ernst Haeckel (1871)

25
Q

Who are those that rediscovered Mendel’s work

A

Carl Correns
Hugo de Vries
Erich von Tschermak
(1902)

26
Q

Discovered that alkaptonuria, a human disease, has a genetic basis

A

Archibald Garrod (1903)

27
Q

Hypothesized the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis, thus leading to the discovery that genes are located on chromosomes

A

Walter Sutton (1903)

28
Q

Coined the term “gene”

A

Wilhelm Johannsen

29
Q

Discovered linkage between genes and coined the term “epistasis” and “genetics”

A

William Bateson (1904)

30
Q

Who are those that discovered the science of genetic linkage and coined the term “epistasis”

A

Reginald Punnet
William Bateson
(1910)

31
Q

describes the interaction between two diffferent traits

A

Epistasis

32
Q

Proved that genes are located on the chromosomes and discovered XX and XY chromosomes

A

Thomas Hunt Morgan

33
Q

Began the study of quantitative genetics by partitioning phenotypic variance into a genetic and an environmental component

A

R.A. Fisher (1918)

34
Q

Showed that X-rays induce mutations

A

Herman J. Muller (1926)

35
Q

Showed that DNA can transform bacteria, demonstrating that DNA is the hereditary material

A

Oswald Avery
Colin Macleod
Maclyn Mccarty
(1944)

36
Q

Determined the structure of the DNA molecule, which leads directly to knowledge of how it replicates

A

James Watson
Francis Crick
(1953)

37
Q

Solved the genetic code, showing 3 DNA bases code for one amino acid

A

Marshall Nirenberg
(1966)

38
Q

An enzyme found in retroviruses, was discovered and was used in cloning genes

A

Reverse Transcriptase (1970)

39
Q

1st to create a recombinant DNA molecule

A

Paul Berg (1972)

40
Q

Combine DNA from two diferent species invitro, then transformed it into bacterial cells

A

Stanley Cohen
Herbert Boyer
(1972)

41
Q

Introduced the process of sequencing the genome of a bacteriophage

A

Frederick Sanger (1977)

42
Q

Invented the process called Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

A

Kary Mullis (1983)

43
Q

In this technique, a segment of the DNA is amplified until millions of copies are produced in just a short period of time

A

Polymerase Chain Reaction

44
Q

They have successfully cloned Dolly the sheep

A

Ian Wilmut
Keith Campbell
(1996)

45
Q

First mammal to be cloned from an adult cell

A

Dolly the sheep

46
Q

Simply differences in genetic sequence

A

Variation

Cytogenetics 2ndYR 2ndSem Prelims (10 decks)

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