introduction to Embryology Flashcards
(173 cards)
1
Q
what is the meaning of Logia
A
Study
2
Q
meaning of embryon
A
unbron or embryo
3
Q
embrology
A
study of the unborn
4
Q
other name of embryology
A
organogenesis
5
Q
meaning of organo
A
organs
6
Q
meaning of genan
A
acquire or formulate
7
Q
meaning of osis
A
state or status or process
8
Q
this is the period between meiosis 1 and meiosis 2
A
interkinesis
9
Q
other name of Interphase type II
A
Interkinesis
10
Q
No growth, no DNA replication and no time to cast its
function, just pure rest after meiosis I and before meiosis
II.
A
Interkinesis
11
Q
means thread
A
Mitos
12
Q
means state or status or process
A
Osis
13
Q
the process involving cytoplasm
A
Cytokinesis
14
Q
separation of cytoplasm
A
cytokinesis
15
Q
Daughter cells receive equal
amounts of cytoplasmic
volume
A
MITOSIS
16
Q
After meiosis I and meiosis
II, one will receive much of
the cytoplasm and the other
one will receive hardly any.
A
MEIOSIS
17
Q
Complete separation but
unequal distribution
A
OOGENESIS
18
Q
Equal distribution but
incomplete separation
A
SPERMATOGENESIS
19
Q
each daughter cell will receive equal amounts of organelles
A
true
20
Q
what are necessary for the transformation of a circle looking cell in to sperm with head neck and tail
A
organelles
21
Q
means movement
A
kinesis
22
Q
means walneut
A
karyon
23
Q
Prophase
metaphase
anaphase
elophase are under this
A
Karyokinesis
24
Q
Maturation of gametes before fertilization
for sperm and egg cell
A
MEIOSIS
25
means a state, status, a condition or a process
“Meioun”
26
Introductory process prior zygotic, pre - embryonic and
| embryonic period
FERTILIZATION
27
Periods of human embryology
```
Zygotic period
Embryonic
Fetal
Neonatal
Prenatal
```
28
this period of human embryo
| - first month after birth
Neonatal period
29
this period of human embryo
| - 9th week until 9th month in the stomach
Fetal period
30
this period of human embryo
| - first day or first 24hrs after fertilization
Zygotic period
31
this period of human embryo
- first eight weeks of life after fertilization
- 3-8 weeks
- mitosis and meosis
embryonic period
32
organogenesis
organs start to form
33
2 types of cell division
meosis
| mitosis
34
this period of human embryo
| - 22nd week to 7 days after birth
Prenatal period
35
This gene forms the Heart
Homeobox protein NKX 2.5
36
this gene forms the kidney
WT1/Wilms tumor 1
37
this gene forms the ventral midline structure
sonic hedgehog
38
this gene regulates mitosis
```
CDK1/CDC2,
pre-MPF
(Pre-maturation
promoting factor
gene)
```
39
Phases of Cell cycle
Interphase
40
interphase is divided into 3 phases
G1
S
G2
41
this interphase phase
| - gap between telophase and S phase
G1
42
this interphase phase
| - gap between S phase and Prophase
G2
43
does karyokinessis and cytokinesis thru 4 phases
mitosis
44
how many hpurs does the cell spending interphase
24hrs
| 90-96% time accounted for
45
Gap 0
the cell has no intention to develop
46
this is an interphase phase where
| - where cell grows and fuctions properly
Gap 1
47
involved in locomotion and movement
Myocyte
48
liver cell
hepatocyte
49
this changes the morphology of chromosomes from tightly coiled to straight
for dna dupli
Lysine rich Histones LH
50
what type of replication occurs in the S phase
Semi consevative type repli
51
genetic mutataion can occur in s phase
| what kind of repli should happen
Semi conservatice repli
52
Makes dna strands linear
Histones
53
makes dna strands coiled
| crumpled and condensed
Protamine
54
this is an interphase phase where
- high amounts of protein
- cells doubles in size
- more organelles are produced
- cytoplasm increases
Gap 2
55
equational division
Mitosis
56
mother cell gives rise to 2 new cells
| each receive an equal amount of chromosomal Complement
Mitosis
57
daughter cells receive half of the chromosomal complement
| - reductional division
meiosis
58
thin original copies and replicates of dna
- the cell thickens
- chromosomes begin to coil and contract
Prophase
59
why is condensation imprtant in prophase
avoids extra transcription
translation
replication
60
the 2 pairs of centromeres
inner pair
| outer pair
61
this pair of centromere
- for mitotic spindles
- replicated copy meets original copy
outer pair
62
pair of centromere
| - links two chromatids
inner pair
63
true or false
| the chromatids are linked to their HETEROZYGOUS pairs to link iup to form chromosomes
False
| homozygous
64
this is a phase after prophase but before meta phase
- x like structure
- nuclear membrane starts to disappear
- mitotic spindle
- moves outward/ polar opposite
Prometaphase
65
this phase
- chromosomes arranged equatorial plane
- kinetochore will be attached to distal ends of matrix spindle
Metaphase
66
imagine line also called equatorial plane
metaphase plate
67
3 phase of anaphase
early
mid
late
68
This anaphase
- mitotic spindles shorten
- chromatids are detached from their sister chromatid due to pulling effect
early anaphase
69
this anaphase
| - chromatids are fully seprated and start to move away
mid anaphase
70
this anaphase
- chromatids have fully migrated to the spindle bundles
- tids have arrived to the centrioles
late anaphase
71
this phase where
- prior to S phase
- tids uncoil
- simultaneous is cytokinesis
- eough cytoplasm is received
telophase
72
this cell division generates the gametes or germ cells
- has to sets of cells division
- 4 daughter cells
Meiosis
73
true or false
| after days meiosis will produce 4 new daughter cells having half the genetic info
true
74
how many daughter cells does mitosis have
2
75
memorize page 4
page 4
76
prolonged prophase I
- with chiasma formation
- detachment leading to pulling of double structure
Prophase I
77
phases of prophase I
```
Leptotene
Zygotene
Pachytene
Diplotene
Diakinesis
```
78
Phase of Prophase I
- leptos mean thin
- pairing starts to begin between homozygous parts
- this is the compared to Gap 2 stage
- help of centromere
Leptotene
79
Phase of Prophase I
- zygos means pairs
- pairing process via synapsis
- with the help of central synaptonemal complex
Zygotene
80
Phase of Prophase I
- paired homologous chromosomes become short and thick
- coiling condensation and contraction
- thickest configuration
- chiasma forms
- crossing over
- Pachus means thick
Pachytene
81
Phase of Prophase I
- paird hybrid chromosome will start to appear and form
- egg cell in form of oocyte and first arrest state
Diplotene
82
Phase of Prophase I
- moving along
- mitosis prometaphse stage
- prepares for dividing
- mitotic spindle and nuclear membrane start to disappear
- MeIG gene 1 activates
- MPF gene
Diakinesis
83
this phase in Meiosis
- paird chromosomes are placed in the central stage by the mitotic spindle
- central stage is called metaphase plate
- all 23 pairs in the central stage
Metaphase I
84
this phase in Meiosis
- both meiosis and mitosis have early, mid, late stages
- homologous hybrid chromosomes are separated
- homozygous seperation in mitotic
Anaphase I
85
this phase in Meiosis
- goes straight to the egg or sperm cell
- simultaneous is cytokinesis
Telophase I
86
has unequal distributon of cytoplasmic volum
but complete seperatioon
- one daughter cell receives, all others hardly
Egg cell cytokinesis
87
either meiosis I or meiosis II, there is equal
distribution of cytoplasmic volume but incomplete
separation.
sperm cell cytokinesis
88
this bridges ensure equal distribution of organelles in daughter cells
cytoplasmic bridges metaphase I
89
The circle looking cell turns into a cell with head, neck
and tail. The complete set of organelles participates in this
transformation.
Spermiogenesis
90
Parts of the Sperm Cell
| - Acrosomal cap
golgi appa
| complexes
91
Parts of the Sperm Cell
| - head
nucleus
92
Parts of the Sperm Cell
| - spirals in the middle
mitochondria
93
Parts of the Sperm Cell
| - flagellum
centrioles
microtubules
meoitic spindles
94
a result of alterations and problems during the
| cytokinetic process of either Oogenesis or spermatogenesis
MORPHOLOGICAL DEFECTS
95
unequal
distribution of
organelles
diagnosed as
| Teratozoospermia
96
permit multiple
fertilization
processes.
multiple gestation like twin
| or triplet gestation.
97
after meiosis I occurs
| this follows
Interphase II or interkinesis
98
what is difference of prophase I and II
prophase II is not prolonged
| no leptotene et al.
99
● Process of generating a mature female cell
| - at the 7th week
OOGENESIS
100
meaning of OO
Egg
ovum
female seed
101
meaning of genan
create
| formulate
102
meaning of osis
process
103
Two sets of process of oogenesis
- OOCYTOGENESIS
| - OOTIDOGENESIS
104
this is the process of generating primary oocytes
Oocytogenesis
105
process of generating ootids (most mature type of oocyte)
| - has 2 indirect processes
Ootidogenesis
106
two indirect process of ootidogenesis
- fertilization
| - ovulation (puberty 1st stage)
107
primary oocytes originate from
ooginium
108
Genocytes
primordial germ cells
109
Types of Genocytes
44 + XY → spermatogonium
| 44 + XX → oogonium
110
when does genocytes start to appear
3rd week of AOG in yolk sac
111
main source of the embryo’s nutrition,
yolk sac
112
- first respiratory unit of the embryo
- Conduit to transport all of the embryo’s waste from the
embryo’s body to the placenta
Allantois
113
memorize mnemoic page 8
page 8
114
when is the earliest a cycle of oogenesis is completed
7th week of AOG
115
7 million oocytes will be formed by 5th month
5th month of AOG
116
master gene for caspase synthesis
Casp3
117
– enzyme that promotes apoptosis
Caspase
118
1. cells start surrounding linear epithelial arrangement
2. makes connecting bridges
3. follicular cells will start to produce cAMp and purines
First Cell Arrest
119
```
sulfated glycoproteins of the follicular
cells and primary oocyte
- Protection
- Glycoproteins act as sperm receptors that induce
acrosomal reaction
```
Zona pellucida
120
Surrounding cells
Follicular cells
121
Primary Oocyte + Follicular Cells
→ Primordial Follicle
122
All surviving primary oocytes undergo prolonged Meiosis I
(Diplonema/ Diplotene stage).
- a
until
123
until what age does the first stage is active
Puberty to prolong the eggs till age 44
124
Removes the cells from the 1st arrest stage
- influence hormones
- ovulating
Ovulation
125
15-20 primary oocytes will lift from their arrest stage
- forming 2nd oocytes
- cytokinesis I
12hrs prior to ovulation
126
- receives most of the cytoplasm
o Will undergo division, producing one oocyte and
one polar body
- Secondary oocyte
127
receives practically no cytoplasm
o Will undergo division, producing more polar bodies
that will eventually degenerate
o Reason why there is a decrease in the number of
egg cells during development
first polar body
128
second stage of
| arrest
interkinesis
129
Secondary oocytes will undergo their second stage of
| arrest (called
3 HOURS PRIOR TO OVULATION
130
-An egg cell is released from the ovary and into the
fallopian tube.
- eggs will wait 24-48 hrs to be fertilized
- no fertilization = arrest state
- fertilized = metaphase of meiosis
OVULATION
131
Removes the cells from the 2nd arrest stage
| - indirect process that will finish off oogenesis
fertilization
132
- this is 28 days
- ovulation on 14th day
- LH peaks 14th day
- estrogen decreases
- progesterone increases
Menstrual Cycle
133
Phases of Mens
- Proliferative phase
- Secretory phase
- Menstrual phase
134
this menstrual phase
- occus when no fertilization happens
- shedding of endometrium
- blood escapes
Menstrual phase
135
this menstrual phase
- thickening of endometrium
- begins at end of mens phase
- influence of estrogen
Proliferative phase
136
this menstrual phase
- 2 or 3 days ofter ovulation
- progesterone
- maximum thicness endometrium
Secretory phase
137
Process of generating mature male seeds
SPERMATOGENESIS
138
Spermatos
Male seed
139
genan
generate
140
osis
process
141
originate from the epiblast and are formed in the epiblast
during the second week of gestation.
- 3rd week of AOG
Primordial germ cell
142
HNF3-b
(Hepatocyte Nuclear Transcription Factor)
143
master gene in differentiation of epiblast in 3 layers:
| Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm (these
HNF3-b
144
● Mitotic division (PMAT) and replication of spermatogonia
| diploid 2n
SPERMATOCYTOGENESIS
145
“Nurse cells”, provide structural,
nutritional, and chemical support to dormant PGC until
puberty is reached at age 10
Sertoli Cells
146
three types of spermatogonia
Type A Dark
Type A Pale
Type B Dark
147
Type of spermato gonia
- last mitosis
- last cycle of mitosis
-
type b dark
148
Type of spermato gonia
- inactive mitosis
- will give type Ad spermatogonia
Type A Dark
149
Type of spermato gonia
- active mitosis
- active in dividing
- cells turn into type B
Type A Pale
150
Ad spermatogonia
turns into Type A pale
| - activated by Meig 1
151
```
PRIMARY SPERMATOCYTES (parent cell) →
SECONDARY SPERMATOCYTE → SPERMATIDS
```
SPERMATIDOGENESIS
152
SPERMATIDOGENESIS
-the primary spermatocyte enters the 1st & last arrest
state during the prolonged Prophase I stage, the dictyate
stage (stays in arrest for 22 days)
Meiosis I
153
Equal distribution of cytoplasmic volume, but incomplete
| division/separation
Cytokinesis
154
1-10 micrometer in diameter, essential for maturing
sperm cell
- point of trnasfer passage for spem
Cytoplasmic bridge
155
Series of changes resulting in the transformation of
| SPERMATIDS into SPERMATOZOA
SPERMIOGENESIS
156
3 types of barriers in spermiogenesis
a. Granulosa cells/Corona radiata
b. Zona pellucida (egg shell of egg cell)
c. Plasma membrane of secondary oocyte arrested in
metaphase of Meiosis 2
157
where is the flagellum derived from
Condensed centriole
158
master gene for spematogensis
PAx 5
159
master gene for spermiogenesis
Meig-1
160
“Letting go” process
SPERMIATION
161
Hastens the motility of the maturing sperm cells
- Leads spermatozoa to be transported from the
seminiferous tubules, rete testis and to the head of the
epididymis
Seminiferous tubular fluid
162
Marks the start of stage 1 (of direct processes)
| ● begins at age 10 after birth,
Puberty
163
deposit of sperm cells from the male external genitalia to
| female external genitalia
SPERM TRANSPORT
164
- sperm into female genitilia
| - from vas deferens to ejac duck to penile shaft until it is deposited in the vagina
Ejaculation
165
how many secs from vaginal vault to inner
15 secs
166
how many days does the sperm travel in the cervic
3 days
167
how many hours in the uterus
7 hrs
168
- happens in the fallopian tube
- period of conditioning of the spermatozoa
-
CAPACIATION
169
to expose the essential enzymes needed for acrosomal cap penetration
the denudation of
| proteins
170
colony of cells dragged by secondary
| oocyte during ovulation
Corona radiata
171
sulfated egg shell of the egg cell
Zona pellucida
172
- considered
same-species specific membrane (where one of the 13
enzyme can offer help)
Plasma membrane of secondary oocyte
173
pronucleus of spermatozoa meets the pronucleus
| of the rested secondary oocyte after penetrating the barrier
Fertilization
