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Introduction to Hemostasis Flashcards

1
Q

complex physiological process that keeps circulating blood in fluit state and produces clot in injury

A

hemostasis

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2
Q

discharge of blood from blood vessels to the extravascular space by any means

A

hemorrhage

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3
Q

small pinpoint purplish red hemorrhagic spots caused by inability of capillary to withstand pressure and trauma

A

petechiae

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4
Q

the size of petechiae are approximately

A

3 mm

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5
Q

3 mechanisms in petechiea formation in dengue

A
  1. predilection to endothelial destruction
  2. low megakaryocyte production
  3. platelets coated by viral products and eliminated by RES
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6
Q

blood in LARGE but shallow area of the skin or mucous membrane due to lack of supporting tissues

A

Ecchymoses

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7
Q

color change of ecchymosis

A

black
blue
greenish brown
yellow

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8
Q

change in color of ecchymoses is due to

A

hemoglobin oxidation and subsequent transport to liver by albumin

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9
Q

blood in SMALL areas of the skin but goes deep into the tissues due to absorption of trauma by supporting tissues

A

pupura

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10
Q

swelling or tumor in the tissues that contains clotted blood

A

hematoma

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11
Q

nose bleeding due to sensitive mucous membranes

A

epistaxis

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12
Q

blood in the sputum expectorated due to hemorrhage in the lungs, trachea, larynx or bronchi

A

hemoptysis

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13
Q

vomiting blood

A

hematemesis

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14
Q

usually in hemophilia patients where blood escapes to joint cavity

A

hemarthrosis

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15
Q

hormonal imblance causing excessive menstrual bleeding

A

menorrhagia

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16
Q

basic components of hemostasis

A

extravascular
vascular
intravascular

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17
Q

the tissues surrounding the blood vessel that swell to provide back pressure to trap escaped blood

A

extravascular component

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18
Q

the ability of the extravascular component to aid in hemostais depends on these three factors

A

bulk of the surrounding tissue
type of the surrounding tissue
tone of the surrounding tissue

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19
Q

a wound in the fleshy part of the thigh would not bleed as profusely as one in the scalp

A

bulk of surrounding tissue

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20
Q

skeletal muscle is wmore absorbent and effective in arresting hemorrhage than loose connective tissue

A

type of surrounding tissue

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21
Q

identical wounds in a 17 year old with greater tissue elasticity that a 71 years old

A

tone of surrounding tissue

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22
Q

involves the vessels through which blood flows

A

vascular component

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23
Q

the role.played by vessels depends on these

A

size of vessel
amount of smooth muscle tossue
integrity of endothelial cell lining

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24
Q

involves the coagulation and fibrinolytic factors (promoters and inhibitors)

A

intravascular component

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25
the term easy bruisability refers to
individuals with extensive or repeated purpura and ecchymoses
26
color change of purpura
red purple (hgb deposition) greenish yellow (biliverdin)
27
intact red cells in urine
hematuria
28
hemoglobin in the urine
hemoglobinuria
29
stool containing dark red or black blood
melena
30
conditions associated with excessive bleeding
hypocoagulable state
31
conditions or uncontrolled hemostasis
hypercoagulable states
32
basic sequence of events in primary and secondary hemostasis after vessel injury
1. vasoconstriction 2. platelet adhesion 3. platelet aggregation 4. fibrin- platelet plug formation 5. fibrin stabilization
33
controlled by vessel smooth muscle, enhanced by chemicals secreted by platelets
vasoconstriction
34
adhesion to exposed subendothelial connective tissue
platelet adhesion
35
adhesion amd interaction of platelets to one another to form initial plug
platelet aggregation
36
coagulation factors interact with each other on the surface of the platelte to produce fibrin
fibrin platelet plug formation
37
mediated by factor XIII
fibrin stabilization
38
parts of a capillary
endothelial cell layer basement membrane pericytes junctions or slits
39
tunica intima or interna components
endothelium subendothelium composed of - basement membrane - elastic connective tissue - collagen
40
tunica media components
smooth muscle cells connective tissue collagen fibers fibroblast
41
tunica externa or adventitia layers
connective tissue fibroblast collagen fibers
42
intimate contact with blood
tunica intima
43
mediates vasoconstriction and vasodilation
tunica media
44
thicker wall
arteries
45
thinner wall
vein
46
larger lumen
vein
47
smaller lumen
arteries
48
increased pressure
arteries
49
have valves in their tunica intima
veins
50
Significant in keeping the blood in liquid state
intact endothelium
51
anti thrmobotic mechanisms of the intact blood
1. devoid of thrombogenic substances 2. coagulation proteins are inactive 3. brisk flow of blood 4. synthesis of 13 HODE
52
2 substances that stimulate clot formation
collagen tissue factor
53
collagen is involved in ____ by activation of factor ___
intrinsic pathway; XII
54
tissue factor is involved in ___ by activation of factor __
extrinsic pathway; VII
55
normally found beneath the submembrane
collagen
56
synthesized by all cells except the endothelial cells
tissue factor
57
even if endothelial linong sloughs off, clotitng does not progress due to this
brisk flow of blood
58
natural barrier that prevents platelet attachment to the endothelium
13-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid
59
events of primary hemostasis
1. injured endothelium 2. platelet involvement 3. platelet plug production
60
events of secondary hemostasis
1. coagulation factors 2. stable platelet-fibrin clot 3. fibrinolysis
61
4 physiological response to vessel injury
vasoconstriction platelet activation coagulation fibrinolysis
62
2 biochemicals promoting vasoconstriction
1. serotonin (from dense granules) 2. thrmboxane A2 precursor
63
facilitates platelet adhesion
gp Ib/IX and vWF
64
facilitates platelet aggregation
gp IIb /IIIa and ADP
65
substances released from or found on the surface of intact endothelial cells
prostacyclin (PGI2) adenosine thrombomodulin heparan sulfate tissue plasminogen activator von Willebrand factor
66
hemostatic role: prostacyclin (PGI2)
anticoagulant reduces blood flow rate
67
hemostatic role: adenosine
reduces blood flow rate
68
hemostatic role: thrombomodulin
anticoagulant fibrinolytic
69
hemostatic role: heparan sulfate
anticoagulant
70
hemostatic role: tissue plasminogen activator
fibrinolytic
71
hemostatic role: ADPase
anticoagulant
72
hemostatic role: plasminogen activator inhibitor-1
antifibrinolytic
73
hemostatic role: von willebrand factor
coagulation platelet adhesion
74
inhibits platelet adhesion and aggregation stimulates vasodilation
prostacyclin (PGI2)
75
stimulates vasodilation
adenosine
76
destroys ADP and limits platelet activation
ADPase
77
endothelial cell receptor for thrombin, binding and inactivating ienhances fibrinolytic action of protein C in plasma
thrombomodulin
78
coats endothelial cell surface enhances activity of anti thrombin III
heparan sulfate
79
converts plasminogen to plasmin
tissue plasminogen activator
80
regulatory protein for fibrinolytic system
plasminogen activator inhibitor-1
81
produced in endothelium and stored in endothelium
vWF
82
vWF is stored in the form of
Weibel Palade bodies
83
vWF attaches to
factor VIII: C

Hematology (8 decks)

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