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IMM005 > Introduction to immunology > Flashcards

Introduction to immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Define immunity

A

A state of protection from pathogens

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2
Q

What is the main way immunity happens?

A

Immune system

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3
Q

What are the roles of the immune system?

A

Provide immunity to the host

Recognise self

Growth and repair

Protection from tumours

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4
Q

What are the two branches of the immune system?

A

Innate

Adaptive

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5
Q

Distinguish between the innate and the adaptive immune system

A

The innate immune system is the first line of defense and is inherited.

The adaptive immune system is not the same throughout life

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6
Q

What are some contributors of the innate immune system?

A

Outer defences

Macrophages and neutrophils

NK cells

Complement

Intrinsic immunity

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7
Q

What are some of the contributors of the adaptive immune system?

A

T cells

B cells

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8
Q

How is the adaptive response different to the innate response?

A

The adaptive immune response is specific and confers immunological memory

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9
Q

How do NK cells destroy their targets?

A

Contact dependent mechanism of tumour cells and virally infected cells

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10
Q

What is intrinsic immunity?

A

Any process in the cell

Since they all prevent viral infection

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11
Q

What is immunological memory?

A

Allows a quicker response upon reinfection

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12
Q

How are the innate and adaptive immune system related?

A

Through communication mechanisms like cytokines

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13
Q

When is the immune system turned on?

A

The immune system is constantly active

This is part of the normal physiology of humans

We are constantly exposed to many environmental factors

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14
Q

What are the 3 Rs of the immune system?

A

Recognition

Response

Regulation

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15
Q

Describe how the immune system recognises pathogens

A

Innate system through PAMPs and DAMPs

Adaptive system through BCR and TCR

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16
Q

What are PAMPs?

A

Sugars and proteins released by pathogens which are shared across different families

17
Q

What are DAMPs?

A

Normal molecules found in the wrong place in the system

18
Q

How are the TCR and BCR so diverse?

A

Due to the rearrangement of genes that encode them

19
Q

How do macrophages/neutrophils destroy pathogens?

A

Phagocytosis

20
Q

How do lymphocytes destroy pathogens?

A

Contact-dependent killing

21
Q

What are examples of non cellular immune responses?

A

Antibodies

Complement

22
Q

How do antibodies destroy pathogens?

A

Block pathogen function

Binds to pathogens and recruits cells or complement

23
Q

How do complement destroy pathogens?

A

Lyses target cells and activates other immune cells

Forms MAC that causes the damage of membranes and leads to cell death

24
Q

What are ways in which the immune system is regulated?

A

Multi-step activation

Professional regulatory T cells

Checkpoint proteins

25
Q

What are examples of Checkpoint inhibitors?

A

PD1

CTLA-4

26
Q

What are allergies?

A

Immune reactions triggered upon exposure to non-dangerous molecules

27
Q

What is autoimmunity?

A

The immune system recognises self as foreign, leads to an inappropriate immune response

28
Q

What is cancer?

A

T cells recognise cancer cells but don’t react through their manipulation of checkpoint proteins

29
Q

What is immunodeficiency?

A

Genetic mutations to genes involved in the immune system can often lead to a decrease in immune function

IMM005 (17 decks)

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