Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

IMM005 > Vaccination > Flashcards

Vaccination Flashcards

(54 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is the goal behind vaccination?

A

Stimulate memory in the immune system

So encounter with the same antigen protects from disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What concept in nature does vaccination play on?

A

Encounter with a pathogen leads to disease, but also protection from the same pathogen through formation of memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Who was the documented inventor of vaccines?

A

Jenner

Surgeon

In 1796

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Why was Jenner not the true inventor of vaccines?

A

Jetsy the farmer discovered vaccines before Jenner

1774

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe the first vaccine discovered

A

Smallpox

Using innoculations of scabs from milkmaids with cowpox

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the most effective means of controlling infectious disease?

A

Vaccination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which diseases have been eradicated by vaccines?

A

Smallpox

Rinderpest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are vaccines?

A

Harmless versions of disease-causing organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Advantages of the specific immune responses induced by vaccines

A

Prevents infection

Controlling existing infection

Prevent disease developing post-exposure

Prevent foetal infection through vaccinating the mother

Prevent or control cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which cells do successful vaccines boost?

A

T cells

B cells

CTLs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe how vaccines work

A

Small immune response is triggered upon vaccination

The response is not big enough to protect you

But production of memory cells

The second time, the immune system is poised to act against the antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What happens regarding T and B cells following infection?

A

B cells:

Some B cells become plasma cell factoriess for antibodies

Some B cells hide ready for the next encounter = memory B cells

T cells:

Some T cells become immediate effectors

Some become memory cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe the immunological process following vaccination

A
  1. Vaccine delivery
  2. Uptake and processing by APCs (B cells and DC)
  3. B cell activation and proliferation, CD4 T cell response and CD8 T cell response
  4. B cell and T cell memory established
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe why herd immunity works

A

If a lot of people are vaccinated, then the disease can’t spread very far

So the whole community stays safe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Attributes of an effective vaccine

A

Memory and specificity

Activate different T cells

Induces antibody production by plasma cells

Inexpensive

Safe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the different types of vaccine?

A

Live attenuated

Killed/ inactivated

Sub-unit

Peptide

Inactivated toxin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is a live attenuated vaccine?

A

Anti-virulent, weaker form of the agent

Comprises of the whole organism undergoing treatment with acid or alkali

Protein coats are still there to cause immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Example of a live attenuated vaccine

A

MMR vaccine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is a killed vaccine?

A

Chemically inactivated form of the agent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Example of a killed vaccine

A

Polio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is a sub-unit vaccine?

A

Isolated components of the agent

Conjugated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Example of a sub-unit vaccine?

Study These Flashcards
A

Hib

Hepatitis

23
Q

What is a peptide vaccine?

Study These Flashcards
A

Immunogenic peptide

24
Q

Example of a peptide vaccine

Study These Flashcards
A

Under development for autoimmune disease

25
What is an inactivated toxin vaccine?
Toxin inactivated to make a toxoid
26
Example of an inactivated toxin vaccine
Tetanus
27
Role of adjuvants
Make the antigen presenting cells interested in the antigen presented through the vaccine In a non-specific way Activation of these APCs cause them to secrete stimulatory factors
28
What is the disadvantage of live attenuated vaccines?
Still contain a small part of the weakened live virus Cannot inject into an immunocompromised host Since this could cause disease Reversion/compensatory mutations Spread disease to other immunocompromised hosts
29
How could peptide vaccines be used for autoimmune conditions?
Induces tolerance through stimulation of MHC II In the absence of co-stimulation
30
Advantages of live attenuated vaccines
Induces a systemic and local response Long lasting Often cheap
31
What are the advantages of inactivated/subunit/conjugate vaccines?
Helps to convert a T independent response to a T dependent response No possible reversion Safe to immunocompromised
32
What are the disadvantages of inactivated/subunit/conjugate vaccines?
Adjuvants required Multiple doses - short-lived CTL response is poor IgG only - no local or mucosal response
33
Describe the two processes which makes it difficult for flu vaccine development
Antigenic drift Antigenic shift
34
Describe antigenic drift
Mutations to epitopes in haemagglutinin so that neutralising antibodies no longer binds
35
Describe antigenic shift
Big chunks of DNA change Antigenic shift occurs when RNA segments are exchanged between viral strains in a secondary host No cross-protective immunity to virus expressing a novel hemagglutinin
36
What manufacturing process is used to make flu vaccines?
Egg-based process The candidate viruses are injected into a fertilised hens eggs and incubated to allow the virus to replicate The virus is isolated and killed and the virus antigen is purified
37
What flu vaccine is given to children?
Live attenuated
38
What flu vaccine is given to adults?
Inactivated
39
How is the strain of virus for the flu vaccine decided?
Sophisticated form of bioengineering using mathematical modelling Inspired guess work - which vaccine is most useful
40
What tempetature are flu vaccines stored at?
4 degrees
41
What is important to look at when deciphering a vaccines efficacy?
Obtain data from elderly patients Since this has higher social cost and is life-threatening
42
Which diseases do vaccines still need to be developed for?
Malaria Schistosomiasis Tuberculosis HIV
43
What is the main hurdle in the development of an effective vaccine?
Development of an immunisation strategy that introduces: - broad and long-lasting CTL immunity - broadly neutralizing antibodies for all the proteins that the virus produces
44
What is important to consider when developing a new vaccine?
The impact of the vaccine It is a very costly process Need to develop vaccines for relevant conditions
45
How are vaccines and timing related?
It is important to employ vaccines at the correct timing - travel vaccines - elderly vaccines - infant vaccines
46
Future goals of vaccine development
Eradication of polio Effective vaccines for HIV, TB and malaria Broadly-specific influenza vaccine Vaccines against parasites
47
Which vaccines are recommended for the elderly?
Flu Pneumococcus Tetanus Shingles
48
What is important regarding vaccines in the elderly?
Vaccination in the elderly results in lower antibody titre and reduced antibody efficacy
49
Evidence of decreased immunity during ageing
Increased infection rates amongst the elderly Shingles reactivation due to immune senescence Increased rates of cancer
50
Antibody profiles of primary, secondary and tertiary immune boosters
First vaccination = IgM Second = more IgG Third = increased affinity and quantity of IgG
51
Link between inflammageing and decreased immune responses
Inflammageing results in elevated baseline inflammation This is bad for antigen specific immunity
52
What is inflammaging?
Nonspecific inflammation characteristic in the elderly Considered a major target for anti-aging therapies
53
Way to assess the activation of the inflammatory pathway
Measuring the concentration of C-reactive protein
54
Clinical trial proving inflammageing as a good target for increasing the immune response in vaccination
VZV skin infection in elderly showed decreased response The antibodies are present, but show reduced activity Anti-inflammatory medication was used Following immune suppression, reactivation of VZV infection on the skin showed increased response = inflammatory suppression increases immune response

IMM005 (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions