Introduction to Memory & Social-Cognitive Learning

Question 1

Front

Answer 1

Back

Question 2

What are the three stores in Atkinson and Shiffrin’s multi-store model of memory?

Answer 2

Sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory.

Question 3

What are the three key memory processes?

Answer 3

Encoding, storage, and retrieval.

Question 4

What is encoding in memory?

Answer 4

The process of attending to and acquiring information from experience.

Question 5

What is storage in memory?

Answer 5

The consolidation of encoded representations in neural networks.

Question 6

What is retrieval in memory?

Answer 6

The process of accessing stored information, either explicitly or implicitly.

Question 7

What is sensory memory?

Answer 7

A brief, sensory-based memory system that acts as a buffer between sensory input and cognition.

Question 8

What is iconic memory?

Answer 8

Visual sensory memory.

Question 9

What is echoic memory?

Answer 9

Auditory sensory memory.

Question 10

What are the characteristics of sensory memory?

Answer 10

Large capacity and brief duration.

Question 11

What did Sperling’s full-report method show about iconic memory?

Answer 11

Participants could recall about 4 items, suggesting rapid decay.

Question 12

What did Sperling’s partial-report method reveal?

Answer 12

Iconic memory has a large capacity; all items are initially available.

Question 13

How did Sperling test the duration of iconic memory?

Answer 13

By varying the time between the stimulus and the cue.

Question 14

How long does iconic memory last?

Answer 14

About 500 milliseconds.

Question 15

What is a cognitive map?

Answer 15

A mental representation of the spatial layout of an environment.

Question 16

What did Tolman’s sunburst maze experiment demonstrate?

Answer 16

Rats form cognitive maps, not just stimulus-response chains.

Question 17

What is latent learning?

Answer 17

Learning that occurs without reinforcement and is not immediately demonstrated.

Question 18

How did Tolman demonstrate latent learning?

Answer 18

Rats that were not rewarded learned the maze and showed improvement when a reward was introduced.

Question 19

What is social-cognitive learning?

Answer 19

Learning through observing others, also called observational or vicarious learning.

Question 20

Who is most associated with social-cognitive learning?

Answer 20

Albert Bandura.

Question 21

What is vicarious reinforcement?

Answer 21

Learning by observing the reinforcement given to others.

Question 22

What is vicarious punishment?

Answer 22

Learning by observing others being punished.

Question 23

What was the key finding of Bandura’s Bobo doll experiment?

Answer 23

Children imitated aggression more when the model was rewarded or received no consequences.

Question 24

Did children in Bandura’s study learn the behavior regardless of observed consequence?

Answer 24

Yes, all children learned but only demonstrated the behavior when motivated.

Question 25

What cognitive process explains the difference between learning and performance in Bandura's study?

Answer 25

Mental representation of expected outcomes.

Question 26

What is memory?

Answer 26

A set of storage systems and processes for encoding, storing, and retrieving information acquired through our senses and for relating this information to previously acquired knowledge and experience The mental representation of knowledge within memory systems stored within neural networks of the brain (and body, and in connection with the world).

Question 27

When and who proposed the Multi-store Model?

Answer 27

The model was first proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) in the early days of the “cognitive revolution’.

Question 28

Storage capacity and duration differ between different memory systems True or False?

Answer 28

True

Question 29

What are some weaknesses of the retrieval process?

Answer 29

* Retrieval is a reconstructive and (sometimes) error-prone process that changes the memory trace through ‘reconsolidation’ after retrieval. * Retrieval is also highly context-dependent - it depends on the right “cues” being present either in the environment or generated internally (interoceptive cues).

Question 30

What does Sensory memory do?

Answer 30

* Provides a buffer (‘holding area’) between early sensory processes and later cognitive processes.

Question 31

Only some of the information stored in sensory memory will be retained. True or false?

Answer 31

True

Question 32

Describe Sperling's (1960) experiment

Answer 32

Participants are seated at a computer display. They first see a central ‘fixation cross’ that they are to attend to. This is replaced by a randomly selected array of 12 uppercase consonant letters (to avoid potential words being spelled), presented in three rows of 4 letters. The letter array remains on screen for a fraction of 1 second – 50 milliseconds. One 20th of a second. When the letters disappear, participants are required to say aloud as many of the letter names that they can remember from the array.

Question 33

What does Sperling's methods demonstrate

Answer 33

Sperling’s methods provide an elegant demonstration of using behavioural measures to test theories about the properties of an internal cognitive process. it shows part of the development of cognitive-behavioural methods and theories, and rejection of radical Behaviourism