Research Methods

Question 2

Front

Answer 2

Back

Question 3

What is the method of tenacity?

Answer 3

Holding on to beliefs due to habit or superstition.

Question 4

What is the method of intuition?

Answer 4

Accepting knowledge based on a gut feeling.

Question 5

What is the method of authority?

Answer 5

Relying on experts as sources of knowledge.

Question 6

What is the scientific method?

Answer 6

A systematic way of acquiring knowledge based on empirical, public, and objective principles.

Question 7

What are the steps of the scientific method?

Answer 7

Observation, hypothesis, prediction, testing, conclusion.

Question 8

What is pseudoscience?

Answer 8

A belief system claiming scientific support without adhering to scientific methods.

Question 9

What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative research?

Answer 9

Qualitative is descriptive; quantitative is numerical.

Question 10

What are the main steps in the research process?

Answer 10

Find idea, form hypothesis, define variables, identify participants, select strategy/design, collect data, evaluate, report, refine.

Question 11

What is the first step in finding a research idea?

Answer 11

Identify a general topic of interest.

Question 12

What is the purpose of a literature review?

Answer 12

To find existing research and identify gaps or unanswered questions.

Question 13

What is a primary source in research?

Answer 13

An original research article written by the researcher.

Question 14

What is a hypothesis?

Answer 14

A tentative answer or explanation for a phenomenon.

Question 15

What makes a good hypothesis?

Answer 15

Logical, testable, refutable, and positive.

Question 16

What is the difference between a research question and a hypothesis?

Answer 16

A question seeks information; a hypothesis proposes an answer.

Question 17

What is a construct?

Answer 17

A hypothetical attribute or mechanism not directly observable.

Question 18

What is an operational definition?

Answer 18

A procedure for measuring and defining a construct.

Question 19

What is validity in measurement?

Answer 19

The degree to which the measurement truly reflects the construct.

Question 20

What is reliability in measurement?

Answer 20

The consistency or stability of the measurement.

Question 21

What are the four scales of measurement?

Answer 21

Nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio.

Question 22

What are the three principles of the Belmont Report?

Answer 22

Respect for persons, beneficence, justice.

Question 23

What is informed consent?

Answer 23

Participants’ agreement to take part with full knowledge of the risks and benefits.

Question 24

What is deception in research?

Answer 24

Withholding information or misleading participants about the study.

Question 25

What is plagiarism?

Answer 25

Presenting someone else’s work or ideas as your own.

Question 26

What is the difference between a population and a sample?

Answer 26

A population is the entire group; a sample is a subset.

Question 27

What is a representative sample?

Answer 27

A sample that accurately reflects the population.

Question 28

What is simple random sampling?

Answer 28

Each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected.

Question 29

What is convenience sampling?

Answer 29

Using participants who are easy to access.

Question 30

What is internal validity?

Answer 30

The degree to which a study demonstrates a causal relationship.

Question 31

What is external validity?

Answer 31

The degree to which results can be generalized.

Question 32

What are extraneous variables?

Answer 32

Variables other than the independent variable that may affect the dependent variable.

Question 33

What is a confounding variable?

Answer 33

An extraneous variable that changes systematically with the IV.

Question 34

What is the goal of the experimental method?

Answer 34

To establish a cause-and-effect relationship.

Question 35

What is random assignment?

Answer 35

Assigning participants to groups by chance.

Question 36

What is a control condition?

Answer 36

A baseline group that does not receive the treatment.

Question 37

What is the manipulation of variables?

Answer 37

Deliberately changing one variable to observe effects on another.

Question 38

What is a between-subjects design?

Answer 38

Each participant experiences only one condition of the experiment.

Question 39

What is an advantage of between-subjects design?

Answer 39

No risk of carryover effects.

Question 40

What is differential attrition?

Answer 40

Different dropout rates in different groups.

Question 41

What is random assignment used for in between-subjects designs?

Answer 41

To create equivalent groups and control individual differences.

Question 42

What is a within-subjects design?

Answer 42

Participants experience all conditions of the experiment.

Question 43

What is a carryover effect?

Answer 43

An effect from a previous condition influencing performance in a subsequent one.

Question 44

What is counterbalancing?

Answer 44

Changing the order of conditions to control order effects.

Question 45

What is one advantage of within-subjects designs?

Answer 45

Requires fewer participants and controls for individual differences.

Question 46

What is a quasi-experimental design?

Answer 46

A study that attempts to establish causality but lacks random assignment.

Question 47

What is a nonexperimental design?

Answer 47

A study that observes variables without manipulating them.

Question 48

What is a pre-post design?

Answer 48

Measuring participants before and after a treatment.

Question 49

What is a nonequivalent group design?

Answer 49

A design using pre-existing groups without random assignment.

Question 50

Front

Answer 50

Back

Question 51

What is a factorial design?

Answer 51

A research design that includes two or more factors.

Question 52

What is a main effect in factorial design?

Answer 52

The effect of one independent variable, ignoring the others.

Question 53

What is an interaction in factorial design?

Answer 53

When the effect of one factor depends on the level of another factor.

Question 54

What is a mixed factorial design?

Answer 54

A design that combines both between- and within-subjects factors.

Question 55

What is a higher-order factorial design?

Answer 55

A design that includes three or more factors.

Question 56

What is the purpose of correlational research?

Answer 56

To measure the relationship between two variables.

Question 57

What does a correlation coefficient indicate?

Answer 57

The strength and direction of a relationship.

Question 58

What is a positive correlation?

Answer 58

As one variable increases, the other also increases.

Question 59

What is a negative correlation?

Answer 59

As one variable increases, the other decreases.

Question 60

What is a limitation of correlational research?

Answer 60

It cannot establish causality.

Question 61

What is the goal of descriptive research?

Answer 61

To describe behaviors or characteristics of a population.

Question 62

What is the observational research design?

Answer 62

Involves observing and recording behavior.

Question 63

What is a survey research design?

Answer 63

Uses questionnaires or interviews to gather data.

Question 64

What is a case study design?

Answer 64

An in-depth study of a single individual or small group.

Question 65

What is a strength of observational research?

Answer 65

It captures natural behavior in context.

Question 66

What is a single-case design?

Answer 66

A study that focuses on the behavior of a single subject.

Question 67

What is a baseline phase?

Answer 67

A period where the subject is observed without treatment.

Question 68

What is an ABAB design?

Answer 68

A design with baseline and treatment phases repeated.

Question 69

What is the goal of reversal designs?

Answer 69

To demonstrate cause-and-effect by reversing conditions.

Question 70

What is a multiple-baseline design?

Answer 70

A design with multiple subjects, behaviors, or settings where treatment is staggered.

Question 71

What are descriptive statistics?

Answer 71

Statistics that summarize and organize data.

Question 72

What are inferential statistics?

Answer 72

Statistics used to make inferences about a population based on a sample.

Question 73

What is a hypothesis test?

Answer 73

A procedure to determine whether the observed data support a hypothesis.

Question 74

What is a Type I error?

Answer 74

Rejecting a true null hypothesis.

Question 75

What is a Type II error?

Answer 75

Failing to reject a false null hypothesis.

Question 76

What is the purpose of an APA-style research report?

Answer 76

To communicate research findings clearly and professionally.

Question 77

What are the main sections of an APA research report?

Answer 77

Title, Abstract, Introduction, Method, Results, Discussion, References.

Question 78

What is included in the Method section?

Answer 78

Details about participants, materials, and procedure.

Question 79

What is the purpose of the Discussion section?

Answer 79

To interpret results, discuss implications, and suggest future research.

Question 80

What is an APA research proposal?

Answer 80

A plan for a study, written in APA format but without Results and Discussion.