Introduction to Motivation And Emotion Flashcards
What is motivation, the two research questions, how to express motivation och social context
What does it mean that the study of motivation and emotion is a behavioural science?
- Require objective, data-based empirical evidence
- Does not accept famous quotes
What does motivation reasearch focus on?
- Construct theories about how motivational processes work
- Two questions; what causes behavior and why does behavior differ in intensity
What causes behavior?
- Fundamental question, “why did she do that?”
- Tough question to answer, divides it into 5 other questions
- Elaborated into initiation, persistence, change, goal directedness and eventuall termination
What causes behavior - 5 different questions
- Why does it start?
Fundamental start, why does it continues? - Why sustained over time?
- Direction towards certain goals over others?
- Change in direction?
- Why does it stop?
What causes behavior - First essential problem
- Difficult to explain and understand how motivation affect behavior
- Motivation also influence thoughts, feelings, dreams and aspirations
In what ways can behavior intensity differ?
- Within the individual, different goals
High/Low effort, Strong/Fragile persistence - Between individuals, same goals
- Different one day/week to another
Fluctuates over time
Behavior Intensity - Second Essential problem
To understand how an individuals behavior in intensity from one moment to another and how it differs in between people
- How to measure that to get the full picture?
Whats the point of a motivation theory?
- Explain what gives behavior its energy and direction
- Their internal processes
What does energy imply?
- That behavior has strenght
Strong, intense and persistent
What does direct imply?
- Behavior has purpose
Guidance toward something
Where does the forces come from that energize and direct behavior?
- Internal experiences
Needs, cognitions and emotions - External events
Enviromental, social and cultural offering
What is internal motives?
A process that happens inside your body
What types of internal motives are there?
- Needs
Essential and necessary for living and growing, conditions within individual - Cognition
Mental events such as thought, beliefs, expectations etc - Emotions
Helps us anticipate and adapt to events in our life, brief bursts of behavior
What types of external evens are there?
Different types of sources for motivations
- Specific stimuli
- Events
General events and surrounding climate
- Avoidance or energizing
What are the ways you can express/measure motivation?
- Behavior
- Engagement
- Psychophysiology
- Brain Activity
- Self-report
How can you express motivation in behavior and its pros/cons
What the person puts their attention to and how much effort, latency in behavior, persistence and what the choice to do
- Facial expression
- Bodily gestures
- Infer presence and intensity of another persons motivation
+ Tangible evidence, put in natural setting and gives practical insight
- External factors, cant see intrinsic motivation and observer bias
Express motivation through Engagement, and its pros/cons
To show intensity, what are the emotions involved, how they express and participates in conversations and cognition.
+ Similar to Behavior, real time feedback and different settings
- Subjectivity from observer, hard to generalise, underlying motivation and context
Express motivation - Physiology and Brain activity
- Biological underpinnings of motivational and emotional states
- fMRIS, BT, pulse, breathing etc
+ Object data, ANS, neurobiological data, noninvasive and real time
- Expensive, limitations with spatial and temporal data, no subject data, no internal info, differences between individuals
Express motivation - Self-report
- Often from questionnaire or interview
+ Easy to get administer, subjectivity and qualitative data - People sometimes says one thing and does another
- Mismatch between what people say and how their body physiologically react
How can circumstances influence motivation?
- Various aspects of environment
Attention, physiological needs - Previous experiences
What type of action will we do now
What is motivation?
- A dynamic process
Changing, rising and falling - Different types of motives influence our motivation, but heavily depends on or social context
- Seldom one type of motivation at one time
- It has approach and avoidance tendencies
- Energizes, direct and sustain behavior
What is an emotion? - Historical Perspective
- Platos: dualism of rationality and passion, need to control passion
- Passions are a disturbance
- Emotions are important to us (19th century)
What is an emotion - Modern Perspective
- Evaluative - consciously and not
- Physiological - arousal
- Phenomenological - subjectivity
- Expressive - mimic
- Behavioral - serves a function
- Mental - attention
- Short-lived compared to mood
What are the components to emotion
- Feelings
- Bodily arousal
- Sense of purpose
- Social-Expressive
