Introduction to Nervous System Flashcards
(101 cards)
1
Q
The nervous system is structurally divided into?
A
- Central nervous system.
- Peripheral nervous system
2
Q
The nervous system is functionally divided into:
A
- Somatic nervous system.
- Autonomic nervous system.
3
Q
Is the somatic nervous system voluntary or involuntary?
A
Voluntary
4
Q
Is the autonomic nervous system, voluntary or involuntary?
A
Involuntary
Absolutely! Here’s a simpler mnemonic:
“Auto-Pilot, No Input”
So, “Auto-Pilot, No Input” can help you remember that the autonomic nervous system operates automatically without conscious input.
5
Q
What are the cells of the nervous system?
A
Neurons and neuroglia
6
Q
Neurons
A
Functional unit, nervous systems specialized for fast communication
7
Q
Neuroglia
A
More abundant than neurons
Function to support, nourish, and insulate neurons
8
Q
What are the three types of neurons?
A
“Silly Insects Make Noise”
S: Sensory neurons
I: Interneurons
M: Motor neurons
N: (to remember “noise”)
9
Q
_______ neurons mainly pseudo unipolar, some are bipolar
A
Sensory neurons
10
Q
______ neurons mostly multipolar
A
Motor neurons
11
Q
________ found in CNS and connect different neurons
A
Neurons
12
Q
Central nervous system is composed of
A
Brain and spinal cord
13
Q
The central nervous system’s composition is both composed of ______ and ______ matter
A
Gray and white matter
14
Q
What type of matter is the location of nerve cell bodies?
A
Gray
15
Q
What type of matter has interconnecting tracks containing nerve axons? What causes the coloration of this type of matter
A
White matter
- axons are covered in Myelin, which give white matter is color
16
Q
What type of cells make Myelin in the CNS?
A
Neuroglial cells called oligodendrocytes
17
Q
What direction does the motor versus the sensory neurons go?
A
Motor and descending (efferent) pathways
- sensory and ascending (afferent) pathways
18
Q
In the CNS collections of cell bodies are organized into _____
A
Nuclei
19
Q
Interconnecting nerve fibers (axons) are organized into _____
A
tracts
20
Q
Gray matter in the spinal cord organized into:
A
- ventral horn
- dorsal horn
- Lateral horn
21
Q
What is the function of the Ventral horn?
A
Motor
22
Q
What is the function of the dorsal horn?
A
Sensory
23
Q
What is the function of the lateral horn? It goes from T1 to _____: ? Is it parasympathetic or sympathetic?
A
L2
Sympathetic
24
Q
If you’re having pain in your shoulder or your neck, what could be the possible organ that’s affecting that area?
A
The thymus and spleen
25
If you're having pain in your chest, and the pain goes all the way down to your pinky, what could be the cause of that
Your heart
26
If you're having pain that goes from your middle of your stomach down to your legs, what could be the possible organs?
Small intestines, ovaries, kidney, urinary bladder, and ureter
27
The central nervous system is protected by three membrane layers called?
Meninges
28
Nerve fibers envy PNS or CNS can't be myelinated/unmyelinated
The PNS
29
Mylan in the PNS is produced by ________ cells.
Schwann cells
30
Which cell is limited to one axon the Schwann cell or oligodendrocytes?
Schwan cells
31
Where are the Oligodendrocytes located?
They are located in the CNS
32
Where does the spinal cord start from and where does it end?
Starts from Raymond Magnum until L1
33
Termination of spinal cord is named?
Conus medularis
34
The spinal cord is anchored in place by?
Filum terminale
35
A group of nerves, stemming from the end of the spinal cord is known as?
Cauda Equina
36
The first spinal nerve emerges above or below C1
Above
37
How many cervical vertebras are there and how many nerves are there?
There are seven cervical vertebras and nerves
38
Note that the nerves in the cervical region are named above the cervical bone
39
How many thoracic vertebra are there?
T1 through T12
40
How many lumbar regions are there?
L1-l5
41
How many sacral regions are there?
S1-S5
42
What is the name of the tail of the spine?
Coccygeal Co
43
Do the spinal nerves exit at the level they originate?
No, For example, S1 spinal Nerve originates at the L1-L2
44
Are sensory information efferent or afferent? What is the pathway?
1. Dorsal Ramus
2. Spinal Nerve
3. Dorsal root ganglion (sensory cell bodies)
4. Dorsal Root
5. Dorsal rootles
6. Dorsal Horn (Sensory/afferent)
45
Are motor information afferent or efferent? What is the direction of the pathway
Brain
CNS
ventral horn (sensory/afferent)
ventral rootlets
ventral root
spinal nerve
ventral ramus
46
What is the definition of Efferent Neurons?
Efferent Neurons (Motor Neurons):
Definition: Efferent neurons carry signals away from the central nervous system (CNS) to effectors, which are usually muscles or glands.
Function: Efferent neurons transmit signals from the brain or spinal cord to muscles to produce movement or to glands to release hormones.
Mnemonic for remembering "efferent": "Exit" - Efferent neurons exit the CNS.
47
What does afferent neurons mean?
Afferent Neurons (Sensory Neurons):
Definition: Afferent neurons carry signals from the periphery (sensory receptors) to the central nervous system (CNS).
Function: Afferent neurons transmit sensory information, such as touch, pain, temperature, and other sensations, from sensory receptors to the brain or spinal cord.
Mnemonic for remembering "afferent": "Arrive" - Afferent neurons arrive at the CNS with sensory information.
48
What does "Dive into sensation, Vroom to Motion" mean?
"Dive into Sensation, Vroom to Motion"
In this phrase:
Dive into Sensation: Reminds you that sensory information is associated with the dorsal horn.
Vroom to Motion: Indicates that motor information is associated with the ventral horn.
So, "Dive into Sensation, Vroom to Motion" can help you remember the functions of the dorsal and ventral horns.
49
True or false?
The ventral rami contain both Sensory/afferent and motor/efferent fibers
True
50
True or false?
Ventral rami contain both sensory/afferent and Motor/efferent fibers
True
51
What are the functional divisions of "Somatic Nervous system"?
Somatic nervous system: General motor (Efferent) and General Sensory (Afferent)
52
What are the Functional divisions of the Autonomic nervous system?
Autonomic nervous system:
- Visceral sensory (afferent)
- Visceral Motor (efferent): Sympathetic ("Flight or Fight") and Parasympathetic ("Rest and Digest")
53
Is visceral motor efferent or afferent?
Visceral motor is efferent and visceral sensory is afferent
54
Is the sympathetic and parasympathetic under visceral motor or sensory? is this an autonomic or somatic nervous system?
Visceral motor and autonomic nervous system
55
Somatic Nervous system:
Involuntary or voluntary?
t/f: includes somatic parts of CNS and PNS
T/F: Provides sensory and motor innervation to most of the body except viscera, glands, and smooth muscle
T/F: Somatic sensory fibers transmit sensation of touch, pain, temperature, and proprioception information
Voluntary
True
True
True
56
________ division regulates involuntary body responses i.e. blood vessels
Autonomic
57
________ division involves voluntary movement by skeletal muscles
Somatic division
58
Efferent Neurons (aka ________ neurons) :
Carry Motor info from brain to _________ nervous system aka what type of neurons?
Where are the celll bodies located?
- aka motor neurons
- Peripheral nervous system
- Cell bodies are located in the ventral horn of the spinal cord
59
Afferent neurons aka (________ neurons):
Carry sensory inform from receptors in skin/other organs to which nervous system?
Where are the cell bodies located?
- Sensory neurons
- Central Nervous system
- Cell bodies are located outside of the Spinal Cord
60
Autonomic nervous system:
- Involuntary or voluntary
- T/F: "Visceral" nervous system
- ______ motor fibers stimulate cariac and sooth muscle, as well as glands
-
- Involuntary
- True
- Visceral motor fibers
61
Visceral motor nerve fibers and ganglia can be organized into _________ and ________
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
62
Autonomic nervous system:
The visceral motor can be divided into ________ and _________
sympathetic and parasympathetic
63
Which is your "flight or fight response" and responsible for your "rest and digest"?
Sympathetic - "flight or fight response"
Parasympathetic - "Rest and digest"
64
Parasympathetic vs sympathetic:
- decreases heart rate
- visceral vessels dilate
- pupils constrict
- stimulate sexual arousal
Parasympathetic
65
Sympathetic: T/F
- decreases heart rate
- inhibits glucose release from the liver
- Stimulates dilation of airway
- pupils dilate
- orgasm
False - it increases heart rate
False - inhibits glucose release from the liver
True
True
True
66
Autonomic nervous system: visceral motor
explain the structure differences between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.
starting from the CNS to the "visceral" organs using the terms long/short fibers
"Short sympathetic sprinter" - means short pre-ganglionic neurons then long post-ganglionic neurons
Parasympathetic - vise versa
67
Visceral motor: sympathetic nervous system
what region of the vertebrae does the nerves innervate?
How can the axons travel up and down?
"Throracolumbarjacks" region
T1-L2
Axons enter the Trunk ganglion and travel via the sympathetic chain
68
Visceral Motor: Sympathetic Nervous system
Fibers enter the sympathetic chain as ________ rami communicates (myelinated)
White
69
fibers that exit the sympathetic chain as _______ rami communicantes (unmyelinated)
Gray
70
Pre-ganglionic fibers that don't synapse on the sympathetic trunk can combine with fibers from other levels and form __________ nerves
Splanchnic nerves
71
Visceral motor: Parasympathetic nervous system
what region do they leave from?
Craniosacral
- C3, 7, 9, and 10
- Sacral spinal cord (S2-S4)
71
The splanchnic nerves synapse on which type of ganglia and then go target organs?
pre-vertebral ganglia
71
Is the visceral sensory part of the Autonomic Nervous system or Somatic Nervous system? Why?
Autonomic Nervous system
- They travel through the visceral motor fibers
72
The somatic motor pathways involves at least ______ neurons
2 neurons
73
What type of motor neurons are there?
Upper motor neurons (UPM)
Lower motor neuron (LMN)
74
What does the upper motor neurons do (UPM)
The cell body is located in the cerebral cortex or brainstem
- their actions terminate in either brain stem or spinal cord, and give rise to descending tracts (in CNS)
75
Lower motor neuron (LMN)
- Connect UPM to _______
- There can be an _______ in between
- where are the central bodies located?
- Skeletal muscle
- Interneuron
- Ventral horn or brainstem
76
Do motor neurons innervate the ventral or dorsal horn
Ventral
77
For the somatic pathway: sensory
-involves how many neurons and what are their names?
3
- first order neuron
- Second order neuron
- third order neuron
78
First order neuron
- what does it do and where does it transmit information?
Detect stimulus, and transmit signal to spinal cord or brainstem
79
Second order neuron
Where the cell bodies
Where does the axons typically continue to?
The cell bodies are located in the spinal cord or brain stem, and the axon typically continues to the thalamus
80
Third ordered neuron
Carries signal to the _________
Cerebral cortex
81
Are the sensory neurons, efferent or afferent in the somatic pathways?
afferent
82
what is the direction of the sensory stimulus and where are the cell bodies located?
The ventral/dorsal ramus connect into the spinal nerve, and then the dorsal root ganglion (sensory cell bodies) move up the dorsal root then reach the dorsal rootlets and finally tarp the dorsal horn
83
Is the sympathetic innovation, autonomic or somatic?
Autonomic
84
Parasympathetic or sympathetic innervation:
1. Synapse at same level and exit through ______ rami to target body wall/limb structures (sweat glands, arrestor oili mm., blood vessels)
Sympathetic innervation
and exit through the ventral rami
85
Sympathetic innervation
True or false:
2. the Sympathetic innervation can travel up or down the chain to synapse at a different level and exit to target body wall/limb structures (Sweat glands, arrector pili mm., and blood vessels)
true
86
sympathetic innervation:
True or false:
Travel through the chain WITHOUT synapsing, exit as a _________ to synapse on pre aortic ganglia, and then go to target organ
TRUE AND SPLANCHNIC
87
Sympathetic to head originate in the upper _______ levels and enters the sympathetic chain via WHITE OR GRAY rami communicantes
- Then they travel UP or DOWN the chain to the vertical region
- Synapse in the _______ ganglion closest to the target
- Exit the chain via WHITE OR GRAY rami communicates and travel to target
- Thoracic
- White rami communicantes
- UP
- Cervical Ganglion
- Gray rami communicantes
88
Autonomic Pathways: Sympathetic to thorax
- Where does it originate?
- exit through white or gray rami?
- what are some targets
- (T1-T12)
- Gray rami
- Heart, lungs, and blood vessels
89
Sympathetic to Abdomen:
- Originate in the thorax as the _____, _____, and _____ Thoracic splanchnic nerves
- Synapse or pass through ______/______ ganglia
- exit via white or gray rami communicantes to target structures
Lumber levels L1-L2 have lumbar ________ nerves. contributing to abdomen
- greater, lesser, and least thoracic splanchnic nerves
- Preaortic/prevertebral ganglia
- Gray rami communicantes
- lumbar splanchnic nerves
90
Sympathetics to Pelvis
- Originate from two sources:
1.) Leftover ______ and ______ splanchnic
2.) _______ splanchnics from the sympathetic chain in the sacral region
Are sacral Sphlanchnics sympathetic or parasympathetic?
- Thoracic and lumbar
- Sacral Splanchnics
- Sympathetic
91
Is the cranial parasympathetic autonomic or somatic?
autonomic
92
What are the 4 PS ganglia for cranial nerves?
- CNIII oculomotor (to eye)
- CNVII facial (to submandibular and sublingual glands, lacrimal glands and nasal mucosa)
- CNIX Glossopharyngeal (to the parotid gland)
93
cranial Nerve _____: oculomotor to eye
CNIII
94
CN_____ facial (to submandibular and sublingual glands, lacrimal gland and nasal mucosa)
CNVII
95
CN____ Glossopharyngeal (to the parotid gland)
CNIX
96
Sacral parasympathetics
Cervical/lumbar/ or sacral 2-4 parasympathetic fibers that coalesce into the _______ splanchnic nerves
Pelvic splanchnic nerves are sympathetic or parasympathetic
Pelvic and parasympathetic
97
sensory neural signal
98
ventral horn --> ventral tootles --> ventral roots --> ventral ramus
99
