Systemic anatomy and endocrine system

Question 1

Systemic Anatomy

Answer 1

Systemic anatomy is the study of the body’s organ systems that work together to carry out complex functions.

The integumentary system
The skeletal system
The articular system
The muscular system
The nervous system
The circulatory system
The cardiovascular system
The lymphatic system
The alimentary or digestive system
The respiratory system
The urinary system
The genital (reproductive) system
The endocrine system

Question 2

Integumentary system

Answer 2

is the Organ system that covers the body
- It includes the skin (epidermis and dermis), hair, nails, sweat glands, and subcutaneous tissue, the tissue beneath the skin

Question 3

The skeletal system

Answer 3

Consists of bones and cartilage

Question 4

The articular system

Answer 4

The articular system consists of joints and their associated ligament

Question 5

The muscular system

Answer 5

Consist of skeletal muscle that act (contract) to move or position parts of the body (e.g., the bones are articulate at joints), or smooth and cardiac muscle that propels, expels, or controls of flow fluids, and contained substances

Question 6

The nervous system

Answer 6

The nervous system consists of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system (nerves and ganglia, together with their motor and sensory endings)

Question 7

The circular system consist of the

Answer 7

Cardiovascular and lymphatic system

Question 8

The cardiovascular system consists of the…

Answer 8

Heart and blood vessels

Question 9

Lymphatic system is a network of

Answer 9

Lymphatic vessels

Question 10

The digestive system

Answer 10

Alimentary or digestive system that consist of the digestive track from the mouth to the anus, with all its associated organs and glands that function in ingestion, mastication, etc

Question 11

Respiratory system

Answer 11

Consist of the air passage in lungs

Question 12

Urinary system

Answer 12

Consist of the kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra

Question 13

The genital (reproductive) system

Answer 13

General systems consist of the gonads, and the other genital organs concern with reproduction

Question 14

Endocrine system

Answer 14

• Regulating development, growth and metabolism
• maintaining homeostasis of blood composition and volume
• controlling digestive processes
• controlling reproductive activities

Question 15

Endocrine glands contain what type of tissue?

Answer 15

Epithelial

Endocrine glands makes and releases hormones within a connective tissue framework

Question 16

Do endocrine glands have excretory ducts?

Answer 16

NO

Question 17

What are specialized endocrine glands?

Answer 17

Pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal glands

Question 18

Diencephalon is located below the _______ _______, part of the telencephalon, and above the ____________

Answer 18

• Corpus Collosum
• Mesencephalon

Question 19

Diencephalon

Answer 19

• Epithalamus (Pineal Gland)
• Thalamus
• Sub-thalamus
• Hypothalamus

Question 20

Hypothalamus

Answer 20

• The hypothalamus is the lowest level of the diencephalon, situated below the thalamus
• provides neural control of the endocrine system

Question 21

Pituitary gland (hypophysis)

Answer 21

Hypothalamus controls, pituitary, which controls the thyroid, adrenal, liver, testes, and ovaries

Question 22

Does the pituitary gland lies inferior or superior to the hypothalamus in sella Turcica of sphenoid bone

Answer 22

inferior

Question 23

What connects the pituitary, and the hypothalamus together

Answer 23

Infundibulum

Question 24

What lies directly superior to the anterior pituitary

Answer 24

The optic chiasma

Question 25

The pituitary gland consist of two lobes: what are they?

Answer 25

- Anterior lobe (adenohypophysis), the hormone producing part - posterior lobe (neurohypophysis), hormone, releasing part

Question 26

The anterior pituitary from Rathke's pouch, which is an embryonic invagination of the _________ epithelium

Answer 26

Pharyngeal

Question 27

Posterior pituitary from a ________ tissue outgrowth from the hypothalamus

Answer 27

neural

Question 28

What do you call a posterior pituitary gland

Answer 28

Neurohypophysis

Question 29

What do you call an anterior pituitary?

Answer 29

Adenohypophysis

Question 30

Hypophyseal portal circulation

Answer 30

Connections of the hypothalamic nuclei to the anterior pituitary lobe

Question 31

The superior hypophyseal arteries

Answer 31

Surround the upper limits of the infundibulum (pituitary stalk) - the axons from neurons of the hypothalamic nuclei terminate at the plexus and secrete hormones, have been produced in smaller neurons of the hypothalamus

Question 32

These hormones are carried by the hypophyseal portal _________ system to capillaries in the anterior lobe, establishing communication between the hypothalamus and endocrine cells of the anterior pituitary

Answer 32

Venous

Question 33

What are the releasing hormones that stimulate the anterior pituitary lobe?

Answer 33

- Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) - Prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH) - Gonadotropin - releasing hormone (GnRH) - Corticotropin - releasing hormone (CRH) - Growth Hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)

Question 34

Inhibiting, hormones, inhibit release from cells of the anterior pituitary lobe

Answer 34

- Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH) - Growth-inhibiting hormone (GIH)

Question 35

What are the hormones that are released by the interior pituitary lobe (Adenohypophysis)?

Answer 35

- Prolactin (PRL or LTH) - growth hormone (GH) - adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) - thyroid, stimulating hormone (TSH) - follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) - Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Question 36

The connection of the hypothalamic nuclei to the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland (Hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract)

Question 37

What lobe of pituitary is a storage and release site for oxytocin (OT) and anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)?

Answer 37

Posterior

Question 38

Are hormones made in the hypothalamus or posterior pituitary gland? What cells create the hormones

Answer 38

- Hypothalamus - Neurosecretory cells

Question 39

Anti-diuretic hormone (vasopressin) is made in the __________ nucleus

Answer 39

Supraoptic

Question 40

Oxytocin

Answer 40

made in paraventricular nucleus

Question 41

Acromegaly is a rare disease caused due to hyper secretion of

Answer 41

Growth hormone

Question 42

What are symptoms of acromegaly?

Answer 42

- overgrowth of the mandible - maxillary widening - tooth separation - skeletal malocclusion

Question 43

__________ is a small unpaired body in the epithalamus of the diencephalon

Answer 43

Pineal Gland (Epiphysis)

Question 44

_______ secretes, melatonin at night and regulates circadian rhythm. It has an effect on mood.

Answer 44

Melatonin

Question 45

Inferior to the thyroid cartilage of larynx, anterior to the trachea

Answer 45

Thyroid gland

Question 46

________ - cuboidal epithelial cells that surround a central lumen, synthesize, thyroglobulin, produce and release thyroid hormone (TH) - T3 = Triiodothyronine - T4 = Tetraiodothyronine

Answer 46

Follicular cells

Question 47

__________ - Cells between follicles, make calcitonin

Answer 47

Parafollicular cells

Question 48

The thyroid gland is located in the anterior aspect of the neck, where it is easily visualized when enlarged known as _______

Answer 48

Goiter

Question 49

Symptoms of hypothyroidism

Answer 49

- salivary Glenn enlargement - macroglossia - Dysgeusia - delayed dental eruption - enamel hypoplasia in both dentitions - interior bite - thick lips - mouth breathing

Question 50

Hyperthyroidism

Answer 50

- increased susceptibility to caries - increased the availability to periodontal disease - enlargement of glandular thyroid tissue - Burning mouth syndrome - accelerated dental eruption - maxillary and mandibular osteoporosis - development of connective tissue diseases like sjorgren's syndrome or systemic lupus erythematosus

Question 51

Which glands are posterior surface of the thyroid gland? What do they secrete?

Answer 51

- Parathyroid glands - parathyroid hormone

Question 52

________ glands are two pairs of small, avoid, yellowish structures on the deep surface, the lateral lobes of the thyroid gland

Answer 52

Parathyroid glands

Question 53

The __________ (______) glands, yellowish in living persons, are located between the supermedial aspects of the kidneys in the diaphragm

Answer 53

- Suprarenal (adrenal) glands

Question 54

Each supra renal gland has two parts: the suprarenal _______ and suprarenal ________

Answer 54

Cortex and medulla

Question 55

The suprarenal cortex derives from the...?

Answer 55

Mesoderm

Question 56

Adrenal cortex is controlled by the pituitary gland, responding to hormone called?

Answer 56

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)

Question 57

The cells of adrenal cortex secrete what type of steroid hormones?

Answer 57

- Glucocorticoids - Mineralcorticoids - Androgens

Question 58

Glucocorticoids

Answer 58

Produced in response to stress

Question 59

Mineralocorticoids

Answer 59

Regulate blood volume

Question 60

Androgens

Answer 60

Control sexual development

Question 61

The suprarenal _______ is a mass of nervous tissue that derives from _______ crest cells. It secretes _________ (mostly epinephrine) into the bloodstream in response to signal from pre-synaptic neurons

Answer 61

Medulla/neural - Catecholamines

Question 62

The _______ sits behind the stomach, between the duodenum and spleen

Answer 62

The pancreas

Question 63

What type of functions does the endocrine have?

Answer 63

Endocrine and exocrine

Question 64

the Pancreatic _____ (of _______) contains clusters of endocrine cells

Answer 64

Alpha, beta delta F cells

Question 65

What does alpha cells secrete?

Answer 65

Glucagon Mnemonic: "GAS" G: Glucagon A: Alpha cells S: Secrete So, "GAS" reminds you that alpha cells secrete glucagon.

Question 66

What does beta cells secrete?

Answer 66

Insulin Mnemonic: "BOI" * B: Beta cells * O: Output * I: Insulin So, "BOI" reminds you that beta cells output insulin.

Question 67

What does delta cells secrete?

Answer 67

Secrete Somatostatin

Question 68

What does F cells secrete?

Answer 68

Pancreatic polypeptide