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Biomedical Physiology > Introduction to Neural Physiology > Flashcards

Introduction to Neural Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Who were the two scientists listed in the lecture notes who had theories about the nervous system?

A

Camillo Golgi and Ramon y Cajal

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2
Q

What theory did Camillo Golgi come up with?

A

The Reticular theory

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3
Q

What theory did Ramon y Cajal come up with?

A

The Cell (neuronal) theory

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4
Q

What is the reticular theory?

A

That everything in the nervous system is a single continuous network

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5
Q

What is the cell (neuronal theory)?

A

That all nerve cells are individual

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6
Q

What did Cajal receive the nobel prize for?

A

Theory brains are made of cells

specialised for information processing

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7
Q

Cajal stated neurones are separate cells connected at

A

synaptic junctions

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8
Q

What did Cajal conclude about neurons and direction?

A

They are directional.
They are polarised.
Information passes in one direction, from input region (dendrites) to output (axon terminals)

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9
Q

How many main parts can the nervous system be divided into?

A

5

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10
Q

What are the five main parts of the nervous system?

A

The central nervous system - brain and spinal cord

The peripheral nervous system - somatic, autonomic and enteric

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11
Q

What is the input for a neurone?

A

dendrite

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12
Q

what is the output for a neurone?

A

axon

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13
Q

what is the direction of the electrical impulse?

A

from the cell body to the end bouton

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14
Q

What are the three functions of all neurons?

A

receive and integrate receiving signals
conduct the signal along the neuron
transmit the signal to other cells

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15
Q

Neurons differ in their ability to receive incoming signals because there are

A

different receptors, e.g. light

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16
Q

Neurones differ in their mechanism of

A

signal conduction

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17
Q

neurons differ in synaptic transmission

A

some are chemical, some are electrical

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18
Q

what are the three functional classes of neuron?

A

sensory neurons, interneurons and motor neurons

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19
Q

what are afferent neurons and what do they do?

A

sensory - conduct action potentials towards the cns

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20
Q

what are efferent neurons and what do they do?

A

motor - conduct action potentials from to cns to the organs

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21
Q

what are interneurons?

A

conduct action potentials between neurons in the cns

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22
Q

there are many structural classes of

A

neurons

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23
Q

List the structural classes of neurons

A

multipolar
bipolar
unipolar

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24
Q

multipolar neurons have

A

many dendrites and one axon

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25
Q

bipolar neurons have

A

one dendrite (may be branched) and one axon

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26
Q

unipolar neurons have

A

a single process extending from the cell body - may split to form afferent and efferent branches

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27
Q

What type of cell accounts for 90% of all the cells in the nervous system?

A

Glial cells

28
Q

Glial cells do not generate or conduct

A

action potentials

29
Q

glial cells do not form synapses with

A

neurons

30
Q

glial cells take up and release

A

neurotransmitters

31
Q

what is the main function of glial cells?

A

to support the functioning of neurons structurally and metabolically

32
Q

glial cells surround neurons and

A

hold them in place

33
Q

glial cells supply neurons with

A

oxygen and nutrients

34
Q

glial cells insulate one

A

neuron from another

35
Q

glial cells destroy pathogens and remove

A

dead neurons

36
Q

what are the five main types of glial cells?

A 
schwann cell
oligodendrocytes
astrocyte
microglia
ependymal cells
37
Q

where are the schwann cells found?

A

in the pns

38
Q

where are schwann cells found?

A

on sensory and motor neurones

39
Q

what is the function of schwann cells

A

aid in conduction

regeneration and regrowth

40
Q

where are oligodendrocytes found?

A

In the cns

41
Q

what is the function of oligodendrocytes?

A

surround and support multiple neurones, provide insulation

42
Q

What type of glial cell is the most abundant?

A

astrocytes

43
Q

how do astrocytes repair the brain and spinal cord?

A

by phagocytosis - produce scar tissue

44
Q

what is the function of astrocytes?

A

physical support, nutrient supply, maintain environmental chemical composition - ions/neurotransmitters and remove debris

45
Q

what is the function of microglia?

A

macrophages - immune defence

46
Q

where are ependymal cells derived from?

A

epithelial cells

47
Q

why are many of the ependymal cells ciliated?

A

to enable movement of CSF

48
Q

where are ependymal cells found?

A

lined along the fluid filled ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal column

49
Q

which type of glial cell forms the CSF fluid and assists its circulation?

A

ependymal cells

50
Q

What are the six major devisions of the mammalian cns?

A 
cerebrum 
thalamus and hypothalamus
midbrain
pons and cerebellum
medulla
spinal cord
51
Q

function of the corpus callosum

A

interconnects the two hemispheres

52
Q

function of the cerebellum?

A

motor controls and some cognitive functions e.g. attention, language and emotion, e.g. fear

53
Q

function of the thalamus

A

major site for processing sensory info

54
Q

function of hypothalamus

A

regulation of endocrine system via pituitary

55
Q

what is the medulla oblongata

A

the lower half of the brainstem

56
Q

where are the cranial nerves attached

A

to the ventral surface of the brain

57
Q

function of cranial nerves?

A

motor and sensory functions of head and neck some contribute to parasympathetic division of ANS

58
Q

list the cranial nerves

A

olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, spinal accessory, hypoglossal

59
Q

the vertebrate central nervous system is encased in

A

bone

60
Q

the vertebrate central nervous system is surrounded by

A

meninges

61
Q

describe the surroundings of the brain , meninges and bone wise

A

skin, periosteum, cranium, dura matter, arachnoid matter and pia matter

62
Q

the dorsal side of the spinal cord what input

A

sensory input

63
Q

the ventral side of the spinal cord has what output

A

motor output

64
Q

where do interneuron and motor neuron cell bodies lie?

A

in the grey matter of the spinal cord

65
Q

where do the sensory cell bodies lie?

A

outside the spinal cord in chains of ganglia

Biomedical Physiology (19 decks)

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