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Clinical Pathology > Introduction to Parasites > Flashcards

Introduction to Parasites Flashcards

1
Q

Parasites

A

Organsims that live in or on another organism (its host) and benefits by deriving nutrients at the others expense, does not necessarily cause disease

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2
Q

Mutuallsm

A

An association in which both species benefit from the interaction

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3
Q

Parastism

A

An association in which the parasite derives benefit and the host gents nothing in return but always suffers some injury

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4
Q

Commensalism

A

An association in which the parasite only benefits without causing harm to the host

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5
Q

3 classes of host

A

Definitive host
Intermediat host
Paratenic host

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6
Q

Definitive host

A

Harbous the adult stage of hte parasite or where the parasite undergoes sexual reproduction

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7
Q

Intermediate host

A

harbours the larval or asexual stages of the parasite. Some parasites have 2 intermediate hosts in their lifecycle

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8
Q

Paratenic host

A

Host where the parasite remains viable without further development

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9
Q

2 types of parasites

A

Protozoa

Helminths

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10
Q

Microparasites

A

Protozoa

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11
Q

Macroparasites

A

Helminths

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12
Q

6 examples of microparasites

A 
Cryptosporidium
P.Falciparum-malaria
T.cruzi trypomastigole
Trypanosoma cruzi
Entamoeba
Giardia Lamblia
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13
Q

5 groups of helminth

A

Cestodes
Trematodes
Intestinal nematode
Tissue nematode

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14
Q

Example of a cestode

A

Taenia sp

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15
Q

Example of a trematode

A

Schistosomiasis

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16
Q

Example of an intestinal nematode

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

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17
Q

Example of a tissue nematode

A

Wucheria bancrofti

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18
Q

Direct life cycle

A

Only 1 definitive host

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19
Q

Simple indirect life cycle

A

2 hosts- intermediate and direct

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20
Q

Complex indirect life cycle

A

More than 1 intermediate host

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21
Q

Name the type of life cycle:

bird>poo>sourbug>bird

A

Simple indirect cycle

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22
Q

Name the type of life cycle:

bird>poo>amphipod>amphibian>fish>bird

A

Complex indirect

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23
Q

Name the type of life cycle:

Bird>poo>bird

A

Direct

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24
Q

Describe the parasite ascariasis

A

Macroparasite. Intestinal nematode. Ascaris lumbricoidis.

25
Q

Who is most commonly affected by ascariasis?

A

3-8yrs. Areas of poor hygeine

26
Q

Describe the life cycle of ascariasis

A

Direct life cycle:
eggs in human intestine, shed into environment in faeces. Eating contaminated food/water. eggs pass into intestine. Migrate to portal circulation to alveoli to lungs

27
Q

2 clinical phases of ascariasis

A

Lung migration

Intestinal Phase

28
Q

Describe the lung migration phase of Ascariasis

A

Loeffler’s syndrome- dry cough, dyspnoea, wheeze, haemoptysis, eosinophilic pneumonitis

29
Q

Describe the intestinal phase of ascariasis

A

Malnutrition, migration into hepatobiliary tree and pancreas, intestinal obstruction, worm burden

30
Q

Treatment for ascariasis

A

Albendazole-prevents glucose absorption by worm-detaches and passes out in faeces

31
Q

Control for ascariasis

A

WHO ‘Action against worms’- improve sanitation, education and deworming in communities

32
Q

Describe the parasite schistosomaisis

A

Macroparasite. Helminth. Bilharzia disease

33
Q

What is the intermediate host for schistosomiasis?

A

Snails

34
Q

A parasite that causes chronic diseasse resulting in bladder cancer and liver cirrhosis

A

Schistosomiasis

35
Q

4 clinical features of schistosomiasis

A

Swimmer’s itch
Katagoma fever
Urinary-bladder fibrosis and dysfuction, squamous cell CA in bladder
Hepatic-portal hypertension and liver cirrhosis

36
Q

Treatment for schistosomiasis

A

Praziquantel

37
Q

Control of schistosomiasis

A

Chemical treatment to kill snail intermediate hsots. Avoidanance of snail infected waters, education and imrpoved sanitation

38
Q

Describe the parasite causing Hydatid disease

A

Macroparasite-cestode. Echinococcus sp.

39
Q

Usual host for hydatid disease

A

Human is accidental host- usualy hosts are sheep and dogs.

40
Q

Describe the life cycle for hydatid disease

A

Complex, indirect life cycle. Worm in dog’s intestine, eggs in faeces, Humans infected if eat contaminated food. Migrate to liver and lungs from hyatid cyst

41
Q

Where do hyatid cysts commonly develop?

A

70% liver

20% lungs

42
Q

Control of hydatid disease

A

regularly worm dogs. Hand ygein. Safe disposal of animal carcasses

43
Q

Describe the protozoa that carries malaria

A 
Protozoa-sporozoan. 4 species of plasmodium:
P.flaciparium
p.vivax
p.ovale
p.malariae
44
Q

Which type of plasmodium most commonly causes malaria?

A

P. falciparum

45
Q

Describe the transmission of malaria

A

Vector transmission-anopheles mosquito. Mosquito is infected. Injects parasite into human whilst feeding. Sporozoites enter liver and infect hepatocytes-replication. Hepatocytes rupture.

46
Q

Describe the 2 phases of the lifecycle of malaria

A

Asexual phase: self replicating. Infect other RBCs which rupture following replication.
Sexual reproduction: another mosquito takes a meal fertilises eggs and spreads to others

47
Q

Clinical presentation of malaria

A

Parasites rupture RBCs, block capillaries and cause an inflammatory response. evers/rigor, cerebral malaria (confusion, headache, coma), renal failure, hypogycaemia, circulatory collapse, anaemia, bleeding and DIC

48
Q

Returning traveller + fever

A

Malaria unless proven otherwise

49
Q

Control for malaria

A

Insecticide spraying in homes, breeding pools. Nets, chemoprophylaxis

50
Q

Clinical presentation of malaria

A

Watery diarrhoea after approx 7 days. Bloating, cramps, fever, nausea, vomiting. Usually self limiting (up to 2 wks)

51
Q

Causative organism of cryptosporidiosis

A

Cryptosporidium parvium and hominis- sporazoa.

52
Q

Describe the life cycle of cryptosporidiosis

A

Direct life cycle- humans pass oocytes in stools, contaminate water ingested. Animal reservoir (cattle, sheep, goats)

53
Q

Clinical presentation of cryptosporidiosis

A

watery diarrhoea after approx 7 days. Bloating, cramps, fever, nausia, vomiting. Usually self limiting (up to 2 wks)

54
Q

Who are most at risk to cryptosporidium

A

Regular swimmers (immune to chlorine). Childcare, healthcare, animal workders

55
Q

Diagnosis of cryptosporidium

A

Faeces sample: acid fast staining

56
Q

Treatment of cryptosporidiosis

A

Paromycin (kills parasite)
Nitazoxanide (broad spectrum antiparasite)
Oetreatide (reduces cramps and frequency)

57
Q

Commonly used anti-protozoal treatment

A

Metronidazole
Pentamidine
Nitazoxamide
Pyrimethamine

58
Q

Commonly used anti helminth

A

Albendazole
Mebendazole
Ivermectin
Praziquantel

Clinical Pathology (53 decks)

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