INTRODUCTION TO VIROLOGY I

Question 1

Who coined the term “virus”

Answer 1

Martinus Beijerinck

Question 2

Aside from “virus” what else does Martinus Beijerinck coined?

Answer 2

Contagium vivum fluidum

Question 3

What does “Contagium vivum fluidum” mean?

Answer 3

Soluble living germs

Question 4

Who discovered that bacteria could be attacked by viruses?

Answer 4

Frederick Twort

Question 5

The discovery of bacteriophage by him provides an invaluable opportunity to study virus replication at a time before the development of cell culture when the only way to study viruses was by infecting whole organisms.

Answer 5

Felix d’Herelle

Question 6

What is the composition of the first written record of virus infection in the year 3700 BC?

Answer 6

Hieroglyph from Memphis

Question 7

What is the first written record of virus infection that consists of hieroglyphs from Memphis depicts?

Answer 7

Temple priest (Ruma)

Question 8

What does the Temple priest (Ruma) shows?

Answer 8

Signs of paralytic poliomyelitis. Often called polio or infantile paralysis

Question 9

Who died from classic paralytic poliomyelitis back in 1200-1193 BC in Egypt?

Answer 9

Pharaoh Siptah

Question 10

The mummy of Pharaoh Siptah shows what?

Answer 10

His left left was withered and his foot was rigidly extended like a horse’s hoof.

Question 11

What is the reason of death of Ramesses?

Answer 11

Smallpox

Question 12

What was found on the mummy of Ramesses V?

Answer 12

Pustular lesions and his head displays a major wound infected either before or shortly after death.

Question 13

Who died from the smallpox?

Answer 13

Ramesses V

Question 14

This is a method where the villagers were exposed to the virus by blowing the powder into their noses.

Answer 14

Thackery-Variolation

Question 15

The small pox was transferred by the Americans specifically by?

Answer 15

Hernando Cortez

Question 16

How many people died during the small pox?

Answer 16

3.5 Million

Question 17

What empire was erased during the small pox?

Answer 17

Aztec empire

Question 18

He introduced the small pox vaccination and it was also the first successful vaccine to be developed.

Answer 18

Edward Jenner

Question 19

On ___________ a vaccinated 8-year-old ________ with material from a ________ lesion on the hand of milkmaid _____________________.

Answer 19

May 14, 1796
(James)
Cowpox
Sarah Nelmes

Question 20

When was the extracts from diseased tobacco plants can transmit disease to other plants?

Answer 20

February 12

Question 21

How is the extracts from diseased tobacco plants can transmit disease to other plants?

Answer 21

By passing it through a ceramic filters fine enough to retain the smallest known bacteria.

Question 22

He discovered that extracts from diseased tobacco plants can transmit disease to other plants?

Answer 22

Dimitri Iwanowski

Question 23

What is the discovery that lead to the introduction to virology?

Answer 23

It a discovery of Dimitri Iwanowski wherein extracts of the diseased tobacco plant can be transmitted to other plants by passing it to a ceramic filter that is fine enough to retain the smallest known bacteria.

Question 24

Through experimental transmission to mice, he demonstrated in the 1900’s that yellow fever was caused by a virus spread through mosquitoes.

Answer 24

Walter Reed

Question 25

They proved that poliomyelitis was caused by a virus.

Answer 25

Karl Landsteiner and Erwin Popper

Question 26

He crystallizes tobacco mosaic virus and shows that it remains infectious which is a Nobel price in the year 1946.

Answer 26

Wendell Stanley

Question 27

Wendell Stanley's work leads towards describing the ________________________ and helps to further _________________________.

Answer 27

Molecular structure of any virus Illuminate the nature of viruses

Question 28

He was the first to propagate yellow fever virus in chick embryos

Answer 28

Max Theiler

Question 29

Describe the vaccine that was made by Max Theiler.

Answer 29

It was safe and effective and still in used today.

Question 30

What did Max Theiler PRODUCED?

Answer 30

An attenuated vaccine known as 17D strain.

Question 31

They observed the causative agent of foot and mouth disease to be similar with the observations of Iwanowski and Beijerinck.

Answer 31

Friedrich Loeffler and Paul Frosch

Question 32

They established the concept of "one step virus growth cycle"

Answer 32

Emory Ellis and Max Delbruck

Question 33

What is the importance of one step virus growth cycle?

Answer 33

It is essential in the understanding of virus replication

Question 34

According to Emory Ellis and Max Delbruck, viruses do not grow but are instead from ______________?

Answer 34

Preformed components

Question 35

In the year 1941, he demonstrated that the influenza virus agglutinates red blood cells.

Answer 35

George Hirst

Question 36

This was the first rapid quantitative method of measuring eukaryotic viruses and now viruses could even be counted.

Answer 36

Virus agglutination

Question 37

What did Baruch Blumberg discovered that won him the Nobel prize in 1976?

Answer 37

His discovery of the Hepatitis B virus (HBV)

Question 38

HBV is considered by some to be the first vaccine against cancer because?

Answer 38

Hepatitis B has a strong association with liver cancer.

Question 39

They independently discovered the reverse transcriptase in retroviruses

Answer 39

Howard Temin and David Baltimore

Question 40

The discovery of Temin and Baltimore established a pathway for genetic information flow from RNA to DNA refuting the so-called?

Answer 40

Central Dogma of Molecular biology

Question 41

They discovered the human immunodeficiency virus as the causative agents of AIDS.

Answer 41

Luc Montaigner and Robert Gallo

Question 42

In the year 1999, the nucleotide sequence of the largest virus genome yet known completed was known as the?

Answer 42

Paramecium Bursaria Chlorella virus 1

Question 43

When was the complete nucleotide sequence of the human genome was published?

Answer 43

Year 2001

Question 44

About _____ of the human genome is composed of ______________________?

Answer 44

Retrovirus-like retrotransposons

Question 45

These are transposable elements in which transposition involves a process or reverse transcription with an RNA intermediate similar to that of a retrovirus.

Answer 45

Retrovirus-like retrotransposons