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Italy Booket 1 Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

Define Congress of Vienna

A

A meeting of the great powers following the defeat of napoleon bonaparte

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2
Q

Who were the great powers?

A

France, Britain, Austria, Prussia, Russia

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3
Q

Define Risorgimento

A

‘Rising again’ a national uprising which helped arouse the national consciousness of the Italian people
Idealogical and literary movement

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4
Q

Define federation

A

Where all states of the peninsula could join together with a common leadership, but still retain some state freedoms

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5
Q

Define reactionary

A

A political view for maintaining the status quo, no unification

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6
Q

Define progressive

A

A political view favouring reform and more liberal ideas

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7
Q

Define republicanism

A

People having the right to vote for an elected leader with no monarch

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8
Q

Define constitutional monarchy

A

The monarch retains their role but is answerable to the people

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9
Q

Define conservatism

A

Believing in traditions and being resistant to change

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10
Q

Define liberalism

A

Believing in reform, progress and individual freedoms

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11
Q

Define Nationalism

A

A strong love of your country , wanting to be free from foreign rule

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12
Q

What happened in 1815?

A

The congress of Vienna- restoring mainly reactionary monarchs to the states

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13
Q

What was the land and economy like in the N and S?

A

N- near alps, wet and green, more cereal crops, under more influence of Austria and France, richer

S- browner and dryer, more arid, fruit trees and wine production, poor

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14
Q

What was the central duchies and who ruled them? 1815

A

Tuscany, Parma, Modena
Satellites of Austria (indirect control)
House of Lorraine related to Habsburgs

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15
Q

Piedmont rulers and capitalism 1815

A

House of Savoy, Turin

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16
Q

Lombardy rulers, capital and population 1815

A

Reps of the Austrian empire, Milan, 130,000

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17
Q

Venetian rule 1815

A

Under Austrian rule, dominated by local aristocracy

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18
Q

Papal States 1815

A

Umbria, romana, the marches
Covered most of central Italy, weak economically, relied on foreign support

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19
Q

Naples 1815

A

Ruled by bourbons, poorest region but largest, king ruled Sicily with a viceroy

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20
Q

Pre 1830 Context

A

Napoleon took over whole peninsula by defeating Austrian army- abolished most old states and made four republics
CoV returned state boundaries ‘restored order’

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21
Q

Conscripts under the French

A

27,000 went to Moscow and 1,000 returned
Long term shared hatred of foreign powers

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22
Q

How much tax revenue went to the French military under napoleon?

A

60% with higher taxes

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23
Q

What did Metternich say and who was he?

A

Austrian chancellor- put in charge after CoV
‘Italian affairs do not exist’

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24
Q

Hope for unification pre 1830

A

Unlikely- lots of leaders, Austrias claws in all states, no clear thinking between them all. But there was shared hatred for Austria and napoleon proved it was possible to overcome them

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25
What made the north south divide so bad?
S crippled by malaria, bad soil , not much natural power for machinery N some industrial development in textiles and light, more agriculture, less disease, more peasant land ownership
26
What percent of Italians worked on the land?
90%
27
How was the politics of the states an impediment to unification?
Low classes politically apathetic Lack of central authority Some states under direct Austrian control
28
How were the social features of the states an impediment to unification?
No sense of national identity Diff regions had diff culture and dialect Rich v poor states had opposing interests No inspiring leader figure yet
29
How was the economy of the states an impediment to unification?
Large inconsistencies between states Hindered cooperation as places like Florence would have to spread their wealth across the country
30
Biggest division for challenging the restored order?
Austria’s control Had its claws in all states and aspects It’s impossible to make headway without a foreign power Austria wants Italy separated so it’s easier to control
31
How did French control increase nationalism?
Unified it into 2 republics, closed monasteries, took high tax for French army
32
What did liberals want?
Free speech, constitutional monarchy, no violence
33
What did radicals want?
Free from Austrian control Redistribution of wealth Democratic republic - no women or peasants Would use violence
34
How did Ferdinand III allow Tuscany to become more enlightened?
Spent on girls education, reorganised Pisa and Siena unis, expanded health facilities
35
How was Ferdinand of Naples reactionary?
Cancelled the Sicilian constitution of 1812, persecuted advocates for unification, against constitutionalism
36
Define jesuits
Extreme catholics, known for assassinating people who went against the church
37
Define zealots
A line of strict catholic popes
38
Define the inquisition
A catholic court to put heretics on trial
39
Who was the king of piedmont?
Victor Emmanuel I
40
What could get you shot as a rebel in piedmont?
Long hair / a beard
41
How much of Austrian tax revenue was from Lombardy / Venetia in 1830?
25%
42
In Lombardy / Venetia what jobs were reserved for Austrians?
Judges, civil servants, police, army officers
43
How many customs points were along the river po in 1830?
22 (when you have to stop and pay a tariff, shows not unified)
44
What percent of the population spoke Italian in 1830?
2.5%
45
What percent of Italians were Roman Catholic?
Over 90%
46
Catholic Church 1815-30
Restored its self after the anti-clerical French, fear ruled with the Jesuits, zealots and the inquisition, life was backwards and poor
47
What percent of the population were lower class?
Around 95%
48
What role did the great power have in preventing progress?
Austria, Russia and Prussia were strongly linked- large army Allies wouldn’t have had resources to help after Bonapartes conquest and not wanting to tip the balance of power and threaten the others
49
How did Austria prevent progress in unification?
It controlled the postal system Good relationship with the pope Spies listened for rebellious gossip
50
What did Austria think of the emerging political groups?
Entirely negative, dangerous ideas that could threaten to break up their empire, easy to control divided peninsula with people who preferred local loyalties
51
Why were the political groups unable to make progress?
Reactionary church and leaders intimidating, could be killed for defying Only small groups were willing to make the sacrifices
52
What did the nationalists, radicals and liberals want in common?
To get rid of Austrian control- either for unification, a republic or free speech
53
Why might Italians have started revolting after the events in France?
Very similar- cruel leadership, poverty, high taxes, censorship, showed it’s possible to overcome it with people power
54
What were the strengths of the secret societies?
Was mostly literate higher class men, could discuss ideas and light sparks, the ideas spread, the carbonari was based on Naples but got members in piedmont
55
Weaknesses of the secret societies
Not large groups Members were teachers, doctors, students- not fighters Unprepared to work together, lacked organisation Wanted adventure more than change Some only wanted more rights from the monarchs
56
The carbonari / charcoal burners
60k members in Naples, 5% of adult males Swore allegiance to leaders, catholic and not republicans Wanted constitutions
57
The federati
Mainly in N Led by Federico Confalonieri Favoured constitutional monarchy Members unmasked and jailed 1823
58
Four other secret societies
Aldelfi Spillo negro Latinisi Bersaglieri Little known, anti Austrian
59
What was Italy in this booklet?
The Italian peninsula- don’t say italy!
60
Why was it crucial to get a liberal pope?
Peasants would listen to their priest over a local official Could educate people and sway them Could supply troops / money and spread the message easily Austria would have to be with it or go against the church
61
What happened to attempts at revolutions in Naples, Sicily and piedmont in 1820?
Crushed by Austrian strength and revolutionary weaknesses
62
What did revolutions in France in 1830 mean for Italy?
Charles X abdicated, replaced with Louis Philippe who was more liberal Hoped he would support revolutions in italy
63
Modena revolutions 1830-32
Led by Enrico Misley, loyal to duke Francis IV Revealed grand plans for United Italy with him as king but he swiftly had him arrested He then travelled to Austria to ask for help for future revolts While gone the revolutionaries took over Modena and made provisional government
64
Parma revolutions 1830-32
Encouraged by students in Modena, ones in Parma rioted and demanded a constitution Duchess Marie- Louise fled Provisional government established Contact made with Modena and a joint army commander was appointed
65
What happened to the revolutions in Modena and Parma?
Within a month Francis IV returned with an Austrian army and defeated them Rebels imprisoned, exiled or executed Same in Parma and duchess returned
66
Papal States revolutions 1830-32
Organised by professional classes who were anti clerical, less about unification Provisional gov called ‘the government of the Italian provinces’ formed in Bologna 1831 Refused to send help to Modena Austrian army violently suppressed it
67
Reasons for failure of the revolutions of 1830-32 (7)
Local affairs, not national No organisation between them Too reliant on small secret societies Didn’t use violence Divided aims Austrias military strength as it didn’t want any constitutions granted France not interested in helping
68
Origins of the Risorgimento
Romans- Cicero first referred to it as Italy Herder believed in romantic nationalism and VOLK (people) Him and Alfieri influenced Mazzini General whisper of what’s to come

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