Joel's Module 1 Deck Flashcards
1
Q
bacteria infection will show increase in _____ and bands of a CBC
A
neutrophils
2
Q
individuals with at least one Y and 2 or more X chromosomes in each cell (XXY)
A
Klinefelter syndrome
3
Q
cell that can become any type of cell needed for development
A
embryonic stem cells
4
Q
this cell of inflammation is associated with allergies and asthma
A
basophils
5
Q
this stage of wound healing begins 3-4 days after the injury and continues for 2 weeks, where cells from healthy tissue grow into the wound
A
Stage 2 - reconstruction
IRRS
6
Q
example of autosomal recessive inheritance where the child is affected and not the parents
A
cystic fibrosis
7
Q
Interstitial fluid, intravascular fluid, CSF, lymphatic, synovial, sweat, urine are types of ____ fluid.
A
extracellular
8
Q
hyperactivity of growth-related gene products
A
oncogenes
9
Q
the body is made up of 4 levels of organization. what are they ?
A
cells, tissues, organs, systems
10
Q
this system activates the inflammatory cells causing blood vessel dilation and vascular permeability
A
kinin
11
Q
cellular bags of granules located in loose connective tissues close to blood vessels
A
mast cells
12
Q
during chronic inflammation rest is needed for ______ formation to take place
A
granuloma
13
Q
pregnancy causing the increase in size of the uterine is a form of what type of hypertrophy
A
physiologic
14
Q
receptors that make availability for membranes like an egg carton a place for each cell
A
plasma membrane
15
Q
DNA is made up of four nitrogenous bases and one pentose ____ and one phosphate group
A
sugar
16
Q
below the threshold and individual appears normal; above the threshold the disease affects the person
A
threshold of liability
17
Q
Hydrostatic pressure forces fluid ______ while oncotic pressure draws fluid in
A
out
18
Q
a combination of ____ and alcohol consumption increases a persons risk of malignant tumors
A
smoking
19
Q
during the resting state, where is K+ in relation to the cell ?
A
inside
20
Q
what is it called when energy is used during metabolism
A
anabolism
21
Q
occurs in the cytoplasm and there are 6 ATP molecules for every glucose molecule
A
gylcolysis
22
Q
type 2 hypersensitivity reactions is also known as what phase ?
A
tissue-specific
23
Q
an overgrowth condition accompanied by an increased predisposition to cancer
A
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome chromosome 11
24
Q
number of new cases of a disease reported during a specific period
A
incidence rate
25
the process by which a cell ingests and disposes of foreign material
phagocytosis
26
Lactic acidosis, renal failure, diabetic ketoacidosis, diarrhea, starvation can lead to what acid-base imbalance?
Metabolic Acidosis
27
thin, tough, flexible and lies beneath the epithelial cells
basement membrane
28
Utilizing the World Health Organization TNM staging system, what does M represent
extent of metastases
0 : none
1 : demonstrable
2 : suspected
29
tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) develops the capacity to block _____ and natural killer cell function
T-cell
30
Hypermagnesemia is most often from
renal failure
31
type of immunity that protects against bacteria and viruses, primarily through use of B-cells
humoral immunity
32
adipose tissue secretes ____ that can help cancer growth
adipokines
33
increased capillary hydrostatic pressure is caused by venous _____
obstruction
34
during Type-1:IgE-mediated reaction, an increase in gastric secretions, decrease in the release of histamine from mast cells and basophils manifests from which receptor ?
H2
35
an autosomal dominant that has been linked to chromosomes 13 & 17
breast cancer
36
gene expression happens in which type of cell formation
morphogenesis
37
2 identical alleles
homozygous
38
interleukins, interferons, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) are all types of
inflammatory cytokines
39
Dizziness, confusion, parasthesias, convulsions, and coma can result from which acid-base imbalance ?
Respiratory Alkalosis
40
immunization with tumor antigens to illicit or enhance the immune response against a particular cancer is a form of ______ immunization
active
41
this dysfunction of wound healing, usually occurs 5-12 days after suture has too much pressure
dehiscence
42
utilizing the World Health Organization TNM staging system, what does T represent
primary tumor # and size of tumor
43
carcinoma in situ _____ malignant
is not
44
Like DNA, RNA has 4 nitrogenous bases, rather than thymine as one, RNA has
Uracil
45
Decreased neuromuscular excitability, muscle weakness and atony, cardiac dysrhythmias, U-waves on ECG are associated with which electrolyte imbalance ?
Hypokalemia
46
what interphase does DNA synthesis occur ?
S phase
47
this cancerous cell has not broken through the basement membrane or invaded stroma (supportive tissue or epithelial)
carcinoma in situ
48
a thymus shrinking in a child is a ______ form of atrophy
physiologic
49
active transport that takes cells from the outside
endocytosis
50
against environmental antigens (allergens)
Type 1 IgE-mediated reaction
51
most rare antibody common in allergic reactions
IgE
52
IL-6 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine and does what
helps with healing
53
Noncarbonic acids increase or bicarbonate lost from ECF in which acid-base balance ?
Metabolic acidosis
54
cell shrinkage is referred to as
atrophy
55
cancers are usually fast growing and have metastasized before a diagnosis is made in this population
child
56
disease causing tumors to brain, spinal cord, and nerves
neurofibromatosis
57
Utilizing the World Health Organization TNM staging system, what does N represent ?
lymph node involvement. higher the number the more nodes involved
58
if 1st degree relative is affected by breast or colon cancer the rise of developing cancer _____
increase
59
itching, erythema, headaches, contract of respiratory bronchioles, laryngeal edema, vomiting, diarrhea, and vascular collapse are what type of reaction
anaphylaxis
60
an increase in _____ is associated with viral infections
lymphocytes
61
antibody more protective activity in body secretions
IgA
62
second messengers signal ______ ways
2
63
antibody that is most protective activity against infection
IgG
64
causes shrinkage or the disappearance of tumors
induction chemotherapy
65
type of epigenetic modification that increases or decreases bond between DNA and histones
histone modification
66
the extent of variation in phenotype associated with a particular genotype
expressivity
67
binds to mast cells; cross-linking causes the release of histamine from mast cell degranulation
Type-1 IgE-mediated reaction
68
cancers arising from epithelial tissue
carcinoma
69
surface proteins that bind cell to adjacent cells
adhesion cells
70
What hormone stops expelling of water and increases reabsorption ?
ADH
71
where enzymes for oxidative phosphorylation are housed
mitochondria
72
enzyme that uses oxygen to remove hydrogen
peroxisomes
73
Hypoxia, acidosis, insulin deficiency, cell trauma, and digitalis overdose can all lead to this electrolyte imbalance ?
hyperkalemia
74
the movement of Na and K+ is an example of ____ transport
active
75
the mediator has similar effects to histamine
leukotrienes
76
turns proteins into amino acids by endocytosis
lysosomes
77
antibody that inactivates or blocks the binding of an antigen to a receptor directly by _____
neutralization
78
hypogammaglobulinema or agammaglobulinemia where normal infants experience recurrent mild respiratory tract infections
predominantly antibody deficiencies
79
when females only have 1 X chromosome
Turner syndrome
80
When Na moves into the cell, this is known as
depolarization
81
in genetic imprinting (one gene expressed, the other suppressed), when the deletion is inherited from the father the child will manifest what syndrome
Prader-Willi syndrome
82
chronic inflammation of GI tract, ulcerative colitis for 10 years or more have a 30x increase of ____ cancer.
colon
83
symptom complexes are triggered by a cancer but are not caused by direct local effects of the tumor mass but from the biologic substances released by the tumor (e.g. hormones) or an immune response triggered by the tumor
paraneoplastic syndrome
84
Headaches, restlessness, blurred vision, apprehension, lethargy, muscle twitching, and coma are symptoms of which acid-base imbalance?
Respiratory Acidosis
85
inherited disease where neurons/nerve cells break down
Huntington disease
86
decrease in plasma proteins and increase in plasma Na & H2O retention causes a _____ in capillary oncotic pressure
decrease
87
DNA is made of how many types of nitrogenous bases ?
4
88
cancer cells secrete _____ which digest the extracellular matrix and basement membranes, creating pathways for the cells to move
protease
89
DNA provides the code for all body proteins. Proteins are composed of _____ and one or more polypeptides
amino acids
90
there are ___ types of hypersensitivity reactions
4
91
Treatment of hyperkalemia consist of calcium gluconate, insulin/glucose, buffered solutions, and _____.
Dialysis
92
presents an increased risk of developing Wilms tumor or hepatoblastoma
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome chromosome 11
93
____ is considered to be a human carcinogen
alcohol
94
secretory (mucosal) immune response major function is to ___ viral and bacterial invasion before local or systemic disease develops
halt
95
programmed cellular death is known as
apoptosis
96
calcium and phosphate are regulated by which 3 hormones
parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, and calcitonin
97
a trisomy of chromosome 21
Downs syndrome
98
causes basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma
ultraviolet radiation
99
how severe a disease is
expressivity
100
linked to cancer of lung, mouth, lips, nasals, sinuses, larynx, pharynx, esophagus, pancreas, kidney, uterus, cervix, colon, rectum, liver, and acute leukemia
tobacco
101
nucleotide sequences
allele
102
cartilage, bone, vascular, adipose, organs, binding, supporting, and storing are examples of which tissue ?
connective tissue
103
short stature, hypotonia, small hands & feet, obesity, mild to moderate intellectual disability, hypogonadism
Prader-Willi syndrome
104
water moving down a selective-permeable membrane
osmosis
105
eukaryote cells nucleus has _____ body, making it fat soluble
hydrophobic
106
related to unsuccessful acute inflammatory response
chronic inflammation
107
deletion of 4 million base pairs of the long arm of chromosome 15, inherited from the mother
Angelman syndrome
108
in this reaction, it is mediated by T-lymphocytes
Type 4:cell-mediated reaction
109
severe intellectual disability, seizures, and ataxic gait
Angelman syndrome
110
increased capillary permeability is caused by _____ and or inflammation
burns
111
____ increases insulin resistance-producing hyperinsulinemia. Insulin promotes growth factor 1
obesity
112
oncogenes are genes that direct _____ synthesis and cellular growth. Cells are over-expressed or mutated proto-oncogenes causing uncontrolled growth
protein
113
uncontrolled, abnormal growth of cells
neoplasia
114
human t-cell lymphotropic virus is assocated with ____ and lymphoma
leukemia
115
____ have specific sites for binding to antibodies and lymphocytes
antigens
116
an increase in the number of cells related to the increase of cellular division is known as
hyperplasia
117
no generational skipping occurs in this autosomal inheritance
autosomal dominant inheritance
118
cancerous cells that are located in a contained area and have not spread to nearby tissue
carcinoma in situ
119
Tingling of lips and fingers, T-waves on ECG, muscle weakness are symptoms of which electrolyte imbalance ?
hyperkalemia
120
Stage ___ cancer has advanced to regional structures
3
121
Increase of capillary permeability from burns or inflammation cause a loss of plasma ____ into the interstitial space.
proteins
122
the process by which exogenous (outside cells) and endogenous (inside cells) antigens are linked with the appropriate molecules
antigen processing
123
venous obstructions, increase in salt and water retention, and heart failure can cause edema by ______ in capillary hydrostatic pressure
increase
124
this cell can divide without limits and each daughter cell can remain the same of differentiate
stem cell
125
Decreased transport of capillary protein leads to increased tissue ____ pressure causing edema
oncotic
126
this tissue has a cell body, no axon, and 1 or more dendrites
nervous
127
during this type of reaction specific cell or tissue is the target
Type 2 : tissue-specific reaction
128
if this antibody is high, there is an immediate infection, right now
IgM
129
directed against beneficial foreign tissues such as transfusions or transplants
alloimmunity
130
chemically like DNA but single stranded
RNA
131
smooth endoplasmic reticulum when dealing with
lipids
132
during human carcinogenesis, what is the mechanisms of activation
activation of proto-oncogenes, resulting in hyperactivity of growth-related gene products
133
when estrogen causes the endometrium to thicken this is referred to as ______ hyperplasia
hormonal
134
chromosomes develop breaks and gaps when the cells are cultured in a folate-deficient medium
fragile sites
135
in schizophrenia, brain-expressed genes whose products interact with _____ have been implicated ?
glutamate receptors
136
Weakness, muscle cramps, hyperactive reflexes are signs of which acid-base imbalance?
Metabolic Alkalosis
137
Angiotensinogen is associated with which organ?
liver
138
in genetic imprinting, when the deletion of a gene is inherited from the mother it causes what syndrome
Angelman syndrome
139
Lactic acidosis, renal failure, diabetic ketoacidosis, diarrhea, starvation (bulemia) can lead to what acid-base imbalance ?
Metabolic Acidosis
140
increase in cell size is known as
hypertrophy
141
inflammation that lasts 2 weeks or longer
chronic inflammation
142
Type 4 hypersensitivity reaction is also known as
cell-mediated hypersensitivity reaction
143
increased capillary permeability is caused by burns and/or _______
inflammation
144
Loss of function of the ____ gene leads to increase mutation rates
caretaker
145
Prolonged vomiting, gastric suctioning, excessive bicarb intake, diuretic therapy, and hyperaldosteronism with hypokalemia can lead to which acid-base balance ?
Metabolic alkalosis
146
genetic diseases caused by intermarriage is termed
consanguinity
147
inherited alteration of genetic material
mutation
148
to view family relationships and see which members are affected by genetic diseases
pedigree chart
149
Respiratory depression, disorders of the chest wall, disorders of the lung parenchyma (COPD, PE,) can lead to which acid-base imbalance ?
Respiratory Acidosis
150
synthesizes proteins
ribosomes
151
produced primarily by macrophages and lymphocytes in response to a microorganism or stimulation or by other products of inflammation
interleukins
152
elastic tissue of blood vessels
connective
153
____ is regulated by thirst perception
ADH
154
cellular receptors of the eukaryotic cell are _____ molecules located on the plasma membrane in cytoplasm or nucleus
protein
155
a molecule with unpaired electrons that attach to whatever is close by like double-sided tape is known as a _______
free radical
156
Type 3 reaction is also known as
immune-complex-mediated hypersensitivity
157
a misdirected response against the host's own cells
autoimmunity
158
removal of a portion of liver and then regeneration occurs is known as ______ hyperplasia
compensatory
159
does not express a disease until a certain age is reached
age-dependent penetrance
160
Bicarb concentration is increased from excessive loss of metabolic acids in which acid-base imbalance ?
Metabolic Alkalosis
161
thread-like structure of DNA that carries genes
chromosomes
162
the location occupied by a gene on a chromosome
locus
163
bacteria infection will show increase in neutrophils and ____ of a CBC
bands
164
suffix -oma
benign tumor
165
plasma membrane is held together by 3 means :
extracellular matrix
adhesion cells
cell junctions
166
immunity that is acquired
adaptive
167
this form of transport does not require energy
passive
168
Aldosterone causes the kidneys to excrete _____ and retain Na and H2O. This increases ECF, therefore increasing blood pressure.
potassium
169
If calcium levels increase then phosphate levels would _____
decrease
170
neutrophil chemotactic factor
attracts neutrophils
171
3 examples of a prokaryotic cell
bacteria
cyanobacteria
Rickettsiae
172
individual who has the gene for a disease but does not express the disease
incomplete penetrance
173
antibodies produced after a natural exposure to an antigen and is long lived
active immunity
174
when genes are different
heterozygous
175
2 alleles that are NOT identical
heterozygous
176
mutation in dystrophin gene that causes progressive muscle fiber degeneration
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
177
_____ tissue is the framework of epithelial tissue that binds and supports
connective tissue
178
during type-1 : IgE-mediated reaction, bronchial constriction, edema, and vasodilation manifests from
H1
179
_____ tissue is located in skeletal, cardiac, and smooth areas
muscle
180
injecting the cancer patient with antibodies or lymphocytes directed against the tumor-associated antigens is a form of _____ immunotherapy
passive
181
reversible replacement of a mature cell by another is known as
metaplasia
182
What acid-base imbalance has a decrease in HCO3 or increase in noncarbonic acid ?
Metabolic Acidosis
183
this solution is equal to 0.9%
isotonic
184
antibodies are transferred from a donor to a recipient and is temporary/short-lived
passive immunity
185
deficiency in blood clotting on X chromosome
hemophilia
186
connective tissue is loose and ____
dense
187
increase _____ is associated with improved cancer survival with early stage breast, prostate, and colorectal cancers
physical activity
188
chemical modifications of DNA sequences that alter the expression of genes
epigenetics
189
Stage ___ of cancer is locally invasive
2
190
most internal and external surfaces are lined with this tissue
epithelial
191
hydrostatic pressure where solutes move because of force from one side of a membrane to another
filtration
192
eukaryote cells nucleus has a ______ head, making it water soluble
hyrophilic
193
during what stage of wound healing does scarring occur
stage 4 - scarring
IRRS
194
interleukin (IL)-1 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine and has what action
causes fever
195
site where oxygen utilizations and nerve cell myelination take place
peroxisome
196
cell division and control of genetic information
nucleus
197
the degree to which an antigen can stimulate an immune response is based upon degree of ____ (why some vaccines work on similar stains of viruses)
forgiveness
198
to form tissues, cells must exhibit intercellular regeneration and communication, adhesion & _______
memory
199
fills the space between the nucleus
cytoplasm
200
where ATP is generated
mitochondria
201
during this reaction, complexes are formed in the circulation, and deposited later in vessel walls or extravascular tissues
Type 3 : immune-complex-mediated reaction
202
bones and muscles of the cell, maintaining shape and movement
cytoskeleton
203
digests macromolecules
lysosomes
204
impaired or delayed inflammation is likely a result of chronic illness in this population
geriatrics
205
dominant immunoglobin in secretory immune response
IgA
206
when the effects of alleles are observable
dominant traits
207
this receptor is present in smooth muscle cells of the bronchi and induces bronchoconstriction
H1 receptor
208
defense against parasites
eosinophils
209
What acid-base imbalances cause elevation of pCO2 as a result of ventilation depression ?
Respiratory Acidosis
210
Hypomagnesemia is most often from
malabsorption
211
energy releasing process of metabolism
catabolism
212
majority of cervical, anal, and penile cancers
HPV
213
first messenger conveys instructions to the cells
interior
214
transports waste, metabolic processes, motility and storage
cytoplasm
215
administered after surgical excision to eliminate micrometastases
adjuvant chemotherapy
216
ADH is released when there is an increase in plasma osmolarity or _____ in circulating blood volume.
decrease
217
degranulation means
to release the granules
218
sperm and egg cells
gamete
219
Noncarbonic acids incrase or bicarbonate is lost from ECF in which acid-base imbalance ?
Metabolic Acidosis
220
active transport where substance is engulfed and enter the cell to be destroyed
phagocytosis
221
epithelial tissue has four functions :
PASE
protection
absorption
secretion
excretion
222
second hand smoke increases risk for ___ cancer
lung
223
this type of immunity provides long-term protection
adaptive immunity
224
in this condition there is only 1 sex chromosome instead of 2
Turner syndrome
225
____ can occur from transplant rejection and transfusion reactions
alloimmunity
226
destruction of the tissues is usually caused by direct killing by toxins from cytotoxic T (Tc) cells
cell-mediated reaction:Type 4
227
4 examples of a eukaryotic cell
higher animals
plants
fungi
protozoa
228
absence of ovaries, short stature, webbing of nect, widely spread spaced nipples, high number of aborted fetuses, X chromosome usually inherited from the mother
Turner syndrome
229
individuals immune system reacting against antigens on the tissues of another human or species
alloimmunity
230
senses cellular stress, important for diagnosing and treatment
endoplasmic reticulum
231
characterized by lack of distinct nucleus
prokaryotic cells
232
Stage ___ cancer has spread to distant sites
4
233
What acid-base imbalance causes a decrease in pCO2 as a result of hyperventilation?
Respiratory Alkalosis
234
protects against infection by directly neutralization
antibody
235
Decreased neuromuscular weakness, kidney stones, constipation, and heart block are related to which electrolyte imbalance?
hypercalcemia
236
4 Types of nitrogenous bases that makes DNA ?
Cytosine (C)
Thymine (T)
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
237
synthesis and transport of proteins and lipids
endoplasmic reticulum
238
what is the order of the RAAS system ?
Angiotensinogen ->
renin ->
angiotensin-1 ->
angio-converting enzyme (ACE) ->
angiotensin-2 ->
aldosterone
239
brain-expressed genes whose products interact with glutamate receptors
schizophrenia
240
temporary and rapid constriction of the large blood vessels and dilation of the post-capillary venules
histamine
241
returning the injured tissue to the original structure and function
resolution
242
part of the plasma membrane where chemical communication takes place
cell junctions
243
symptoms of disease not seen until 40+
age-dependent penetrance
244
rough endoplasmic reticulum when dealing with
proteins
245
the 4 stages of wound healing in order
Inflammation
Reconstruction
Remodeling
Scarring
IRRS
246
tis population has transiently depressed inflammatory and immune function
neonates
247
if this antibody is high, the infection is already gone
IgG
248
thin tough epithelial cells that surround muscle, fat, and schwann cells
basement membrane
249
associated with acute leukemias, increased frequency of thyroid and breast carcinomas
ionizing radiation
250
Aldosterone causes the kidneys to excrete potassium and retain Na & H2O. This increases ECF therefore ______ blood pressure.
increases
251
abnormal chromosomal deletion
Cri du chat
252
promotes cell growth
proto-oncogenes
253
to form tissues, cells must exhibit intercellular ____ and communication adhesion and memory
communication
254
when only one copy of the gene in an individual is expressed
imprinting
255
genes that turn cells off
tumor supressor gene
256
type of immunity that has memory
adaptive immunity
257
allows lipids (required to transport hormones) to leave and transport hormones
plasma membrane
258
this cell is a guide development of T-cells (helper cells)
dendritic cells
259
IgE - mediated reaction
Type 1
260
humans have ____ pairs of chromosomes and 22 of these pairs are autosomes
23
261
these cells are predominate in early inflammatory responses
neutrophiles
262
hydrostatic pressure forces fluid out while oncotic pressure draws fluid
in
263
Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure caused by ____ obstruction
venuos
264
Increase neuromuscular excitability, muscle spasms, chvostek and trousseau signs, convulsions and tetany are symptoms of what electrolyte imbalance ?
HYPOcalcemia and HYPERphosphatemia
265
the composition of genes at a given locus
genotype
266
solutes moving from an area of greater concentration to area of lower
diffusion
267
This hormone signals the body to quit expelling water and increase the reabsorption of water.
ADH (anti-diuretic hormone)
268
ADH is released when there is an _____ in plasma osmolarity or decrease in circulating blood volume.
Increase
269
cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and calcium are examples of
second messengers
270
Treatment of hyperkalemia consist of calcium gluconate, ______, buffered solutions, and dialysis.
insulin and/or glucose
271
first antibody produced during initial response to an antigen
IgM
272
diets high in red meats and processed foods increase risk of ____ cancer
colorectal
273
this phase of wound healing begins several weeks after injury and may last for 2 years
Stage 3 - remodeling
IRRS
274
High phosphate levels is related to
low calcium levels
275
eukaryote cell nucleus has hydrophobic body making it ____ soluble
fat
276
this receptor is anti-inflammatory
H2
277
____ induce an excessive production of cytokines
superantigens
278
279
caused by exogenous and endogenous IL-1 pyrogens and acts directly on the hypothalamus
fever
280
basic unit of inheritance that contains sequences of DNA
gene
281
55% cell volume, used for storage, and to metabolize enzymes
cytsol
282
tissue injury that occurs from hypoxia and decreased blood flow
ischemia
283
your own immune system does not recognize your own antigens
autoimmunity
284
part of plasma membrane that holds cells together and has chemical that communicate
cell junctions
285
3 components of a eukaryotic cell are
plasma membrane, cytoplasm, intracellular organelles
286
cells that secrete local mediators to absorb, destroy or immobilize ?
paracrine
287
decreased plasma oncotic pressure results from loss or diminished production of _____
albumin
288
molecular damage to the DNA, causing irreversible damage to normal cells can be caused by
ionizing radiation
289
the most important cellular activator of the inflammatory response and releases biochemical mediators
mast cells
290
swelling of tissue, new growth (neoplasm)
tumor
291
If calcium levels ____, then phosphate levels would decrease
increase
292
this type of reaction is not organ specific
Type 3: immune-complex-mediated reaction
293
recurrent, severe infections, often with opportunistic organisms are hallmark to ____ in immunity
deficiencies
294
these cells ingest bacteria, dead cells, and cellular debris
neutrophiles
295
most inherited diseases are carried on the larger ___ chromosome
X
296
alternative version of a specific gene that arise by mutation and found on same place on chromosome
allele
297
______ transport requires energy
active
298
this receptor is pro-inflammatory
H1 receptor
299
the position a gene occupies along the chromosome is known as
locus
300
this receptor is present on parietal cells of the stomach mucosa and induces the secretion of gastric acid
H2
301
molecules that can react with antibodies or receptors on B and T cells
antigens
302
characteristic cry of child, like cat
cri du chat
303
malignant tumors of glandular or squamous origin
preinvasive epithelial
304
HTN causing the increase in size of the heart is an example of ______ hypertrophy
pathologic
305
Headache, lethargy, and Kussmaul respirations are symptoms of which acid-base imbalance?
Metabolic Acidosis
306
well-defined nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
eukaryotic cell
307
blood vessel dilation, increased vascular permeability and leakage is associated with which line of defense ?
second line: inflammation
308
High altitudes, anxiety, panic, and hyperventilation can cause which acid-base imbalance ?
Respiratory Alkalosis
309
Treatment of hyperkalemia consist of calcium gluconate, insulin/glucose, ____, & dialysis.
buffered solutions
310
the turn on gene, independent of normal mechanisms and the cell driven into regulated uncontrolled cell growth
oncogenes
311
the concentration causes water gain, solute loss resulting in cell swelling
hypotonic
312
tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) develops the capacity to block t-cells and _____ function
natural killer cell
313
important cellular initiators of inflammation and help wound healing
macrophages
314
substances that cause mutation are called
mutagens
315
____ is associated with endometrial, colorectal, kidney, esophageal, post-menopausal breast, and pancreatic cancer
Obesity
316
when K+ moves out of the cell and Na is in the cell, this is known as
repolarization
317
this reaction type has H1 & H2 receptors
Type-1 IgE-mediated
318
when genes are identical
homozygous
319
known as the fuel of the cell
ATP
320
more common than primary deficiencies and not related to genetics but to other conditions and diseases
secondary (acquired) immune deficiencies
321
water and uncharged molecules moving through pores is a form of _____ transport
passive
322
antibodies in alloimmunity are usually of what class
IgM
323
H. Pyloris is associated with ____ cancer
stomach
324
Angiotensin causes arterioles to
constrict
325
to form tissues, cells must exhibit intercellular regeneration and _________ adhesion and memory
regeneration
326
a combination of smoking and ____ consumption increases a person risk of malignant tumors
alcohol
327
connective tissue is _____ and dense
loose
328
kiwi fruits, cooked carrots, or supplemental coenzyme q10 improves ___ repair
DNA
329
when both parents are carriers of a gene mutation and the trait usually appears in the child and not the parent
autosomal recessive inheritance
330
____ brings in macrophages that cause swelling and cellular injury
Infection
331
Aldosterone is released by the
adrenal cortex
332
an exaggerated response against an environmental antigen
allergy
333
moves proteins in and out of the cell
Golgi apparatus
334
allergies, worms, wheezes, and weird diseases would cause _____ to increase
eosinophils
335
cardinal signs of redness, heat, swelling, pain, loss of function
inflammation
336
male appearance, female-like breast, small testes, sparse body hair, 1 in 1000 male births
Klinefelter syndrome
337
example of variable expressivity in an autosomal dominant disease
Type 1 neurofibromatosis
338
active transport where substance is expelled from the cell
exocytosis
339
this cell helps migrate to lymphoid tissue and interact with T lymphocytes to cause acquired immune response
dendritic cells
340
makes signals for recognizing
ribosomes
341
What buffering plasma systems operates in the lung and kidney to maintain normal blood pH ?
Carbonic acid - bicarb buffering
342
during this stage of wound healing, neutrophils and macrophages clean the wound and debride it
stage 1 - inflammation
IRRS
343
Increase of capillary permeability from burns or inflammation cause a loss of ____ proteins into the interstitial space
plasma
344
when cells attack neighboring cells that are seen as a threat is known as as immune ____
reaction
345
groups of bound cells that create tissue and organs
plasma membrane
346
venous obstructions, increase in salt and water retention, and heart failure can cause edema by increase in capillary _____ pressure.
hydrostatic
347
one of several different forms of a gene at a location
allele
348
Aldosterone causes the kidneys to excrete potassium and retain Na and ____. This increases ECF therefore increasing blood pressure.
Water/H20
349
deletion of approximately 4 million base pairs of the long arm of chromosome 15 and inherited from the father
Prader-Willi syndrome
350
Aldosterone causes the kidneys to excrete potassium and retain ___ and H20. This increases ECF, therefore, increasing blood pressure.
Sodium/Na
351
the gene leptin and its receptors are related to which disease
obesity
352
key cells that promote tumor survival
tumor-associated macrophage (TAM)
353
How is the anion gap used in different metabolic acidosis
Used to determine the type of metabolic acidosis with normal gap. From bicarb loss like diarrhea. If anion gap high - ketoacidosis, lactic acidosis, CKD
354
to form tissues, cells must exhibit ______ regeneration and communication, adhesion and memory
intercellular
355
energy releasing or energy that goes downward
catabolism
356
what structures of epithelial tissues move things around
cilia and microvilli (GI)
357
total lack of T-cell function with severe lack of B-cell function, considered the most severe immunodeficiency
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)
358
intrauterine growth restrictions, poor growth after birth, large head, triangle-shaped feet, and feeding difficulties
Russell-sliver syndrome
359
herpes virus type 8 is associated with ____ sarcoma
Kaposi
360
during cellular metabolism, molecules such as carbs, lipids, and proteins are catabolized then the energy is transferred to
ATP
361
stage ____ cancer is confined to its organ of origin
1
362
produces amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles
Alzheimers disease
363
eukaryote cells nucleus has a hydrophilic head, making it ____ soluble
water
364
genetic disease where characteristics are observed in siblings, not parents
autosomal recessive
365
this cytokine protects (does not kill) against viral infections by preventing viruses from infecting additional healthy cells
interferon
366
______ triggers the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone.
Angiotensin-2
367
what is cellular formation called where cells are assembled into tissue and organs of different shapes and sizes
morphogenesis
368
this system forms a mesh to stop bleeding and prevents the spread of infection
clotting system
369
_____ of genes resulting in loss or inactivity of gene products that would normally inhibit growth (tumor-suppressor genes) is a mechanism of human carcinogenesis
mutation
370
occurs in the mitochondria and is the mechanism by which energy produced from carbs, fats, and proteins is transferred to ATP
oxidative phosphorylation
371
when ATP is used in energy requiring reactions it also converts into
ADP
372
Fluid movement into the tissue is known as
edema
373
the percentage of individuals with a specific genotype who also express the expected phenotype
penetrance
374
cells are screwed up from the start
genetics
375
a change in the environment where cells work causing injury is caused by _____ agents
chemical
376
passive transport includes 3 things :
diffusion, filtration, and osmosis
377
when the effects of alleles are hidden
recessive traits
378
Extracellular first messengers do 4 things :
transfer, amplify, distribute, and modulate
379
during anaphylaxis, ____ chemotactic factor attracts eosinophils
eosinophil
380
descendants of a person
progeny
381
genes that turn cells on
oncogenes
382
type of epigenetic modification that changes signaling of pathways
microribonucleic acids
383
occurs when maternal antibodies are severed at birth before neonates production of IgG is beginning to rise
predominantly antibody deficiencies
384
helps determine the fate of each cell, that is the type of cell it becomes, such as a neuron or fibroblast
embryonic stem cells
385
another name for a malignant tumor
cancer
386
_____ develop into macrophages and are the precursors to macrophages
monocytes
387
Treatment of hyperkalemia consists of _____, insulin, and/or glucose, buffered solutions, and dialysis
Calcium gluconate
388
cell death from lack of blood flow is known as
infarction
389
Aldosterone causes the kidneys to excrete potassium and retain Na and H2O. This _____ ECF therefore increasing blood pressure.
increases
390
autosomal dominant familial hypercholesterolemia, high-fat diet, lack of exercise, smoking, obesity increase risk of ?
Coronary Artery Disease
391
ionizing radiation damages organs with high ____ cells like skin and GI systems
proliferative
392
this immunity is natural barriers and the inflammatory response
innate resistance
393
increases the risk of oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, esophageal, liver, and colorectal, and breast cancers
alcohol
394
____ virus is associated with cancers of the nasopharynx and stomach, hodgkin disease and non-hodgkins lymphoma
epstein-barr
395
regulate innate or adaptive resistance by affecting other neighboring cells
chemokines or cytokines
396
when energy is released from the cell in the form of ATP
catabolism
397
decrease in plasma proteins and increase in plasma Na & H2O retention causes a decrease in capillary _____ pressure.
oncotic
398
rapid growth, not encapsulated, invasive, poorly differentiated (anaplasia), high mitotic index, can spread distantly describe what type of tumor ?
malignant
399
stem cells can create ____ for clotting
platelets
400
most predominant cancer
liver cancer
401
the proportion of the population affected by a disease at a specific point in time
prevalence rate
402
cells that produce signals that themselves respond to
autocrine
403
slow growth, well-defined capsule, non-invasive, well-differentiated, low-mitotic index, does not metastasize are examples of which type of tumor ?
benign
404
Increase in HCO3 usually from excessive loss of metabolic acids is known as what acid-base imbalance ?
Metabolic Alkalosis
405
abnormal size and shapes of cells is known as
dysplasia
406
encases the cell and has transport systems, with cell to cell recognition
plasma membrane
407
most common cause of genetic diseases
x-linked recessive modes of inheritance
408
Trisomy 21, cause of Down syndrome is linked to the development of ____
acute leukemia
409
during the reconstructive phase of wound healing impaired collagen matrix assembly can lead to
keloid scar
410
outward appearance of an individual which results from genotype and environment
phenotype
411
females have only one X chromosome
Turner syndrome
412
antibodies and antigens that destroy pathogens directly are which system in the plasma protein systems ?
complement system
413
autosomal dominant
rare
414
radiation and chemicals that increase the frequency of mutations
mutagens
415
Tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) produces _____ that are advantageous for tumor growth and spread and also secretes angiogenesis factors
cytokines
416
diseases caused by imprinting
Prader-Willi syndrome and Angelman syndrome
417
when ____ activated, they can produce super antigens that can result in excessive productions of cytokines, resulting in inflammatory reaction : fever, low BP, and potentially fatal shock
T-cell
418
primary dietary potential donors of DNA methylation include
folate, choline B, and B vitamins
419
The 2 basic processes in which proteins are specified by DNA, both involve RNA
transcription and translation
420
cancers arising from connective tissue, usually have the suffix
sarcoma
421
3 antigens that require processing and presentation.
B-lymphocytes
Macrophages
Dendritic cells
422
this line of defense is rapidly initiated and has no memory cells
second line: inflammation
423
the destruction of microorganisms and cellular debris
phagocytosis
424
when the body's immune system begins to recognize self-antigens as foreign
autoimmunity
425
Decrease renal perfusion, BP, ECF, serum Na, and increase in urine Na trigger the kidneys to release ____
renin
426
Headache, lethargy, and Kussmaul respirations are symptoms of which acid-base imbalance ?
Metabolic acidosis
427
energy metabolism or energy that goes upwards
anabolism
428
most common cancer is children 2-5
leukemia
429
increased risk of congenial heart disease, respiratory infections, Alzheimer's and leukemia, is associated with what condition
Downs syndrome
430
when endocrine cells send signals to release hormones into the blood to trigger response from other cell this is a form of _____ signaling
hormonal
431
when GERD causes epithelial damage to the esophagus, a new cell can develop that may better tolerate the acid, this is known as ____ metaplasia
adaptive
432
dysplasia is also known as
atypical hyperplasia
433
where cellular respiration takes place and energy is produced
mitochondria
434
this concentration results in water loss, solute gain, and cell shrinkage
hypertonic
435
Hypomagnesemia is also associated with 2 other hypo-electrolytes, what are they ?
Hypocalcemia & hypokalemia
436
Inflammation predisposes a person to cancer by stimulating a wound-healing response that includes _____ and new blood vessel growth
proliferation
437
chemical agent causing mesothelioma and lung cancer
asbestos
438
acute inflammation functions ______ toxins, carry plasma proteins and leukocytes to the injury site, carry bacterial toxins and debris away from the site
dilute
439
____ cancer is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy in the US
skin
440
when cells attack neighboring cells that are seen as a threat is known as an ______ reaction
immune
441
to form tissues, cells must exhibit intercellular regeneration and communication, ______ & memory
adhesion
442
type of epigenetic modification that causes a gene to be inactive or silent
DNA methylation
443
primarily protects against viruses and cancers and differentiates T-cells
cellular immunity
444
reaction that develops in minutes after exposure
anaphylaxis
445
low nasal bridge, epicanthal folds, protruding tongue, flat low-set ears, short stature, poor muscle tone
Downs syndrome
446
H Pylori increases the risk of ____ cancer
stomach
447
most severe form of malnutrition
cachexia
448
when K+ and Na are out of the cell allowing for the cell to rebook, this is known as
refractory
