Module One - Unit 1

Question 1

eukaryotes

Answer 1

membrane-bound organelles, well-defined nucleus
examples : higher animals, plants, fungi, & protozoa

Question 2

prokaryotes

Answer 2

lack of a distinct nucleus
examples : cyanobacteria, bacteria, & Rickettsiae

Question 3

Function of a nucleus (yellow part of an egg)

Answer 3

cell division and control of genetic information

Question 4

Function of cytoplasm (white part of an egg)

Answer 4

fills the space between the nucleus and cell membrane. Transports waste, metabolic process, motility, and storage.

Question 5

Function of ribosomes

Answer 5

synthesizes proteins

Question 6

Function of endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 6

protein synthesis and senses cellular stress

Question 7

Function of mitochondria

Answer 7

power stations produce energy

Question 8

Function of Golgi complex

Answer 8

refining plant & directs traffic especially transports proteins in and out of cell

Question 9

Function of ribosomes

Answer 9

signaling

Question 10

Function of lysosomes

Answer 10

“Pac-Man”, eats anything in front of it, digestion, and nutrient signaling

Question 11

Components of eukaryotic cell nucleus

Answer 11

Polar: water soluble, hydroPHILIC, head

Non-polar: hydroPHOBIC, fat-soluble body

Question 12

Signal Transduction: First messengers

Answer 12

signals one way

Question 13

Signal Transduction: Second messengers

Answer 13

signals two ways, CAMP and calcium

Question 14

Anabolism

Answer 14

energy metabolism, energy goes upwards

Question 15

Catabolism

Answer 15

energy releasing, or energy goes down, and energy is released from the cell in a form called ATP

Question 16

Cellular Metabolism

Answer 16

When molecules of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are catabolized, this energy is transferred to ATP

Six molecules for each molecule of glucose

Citric acid cycle, Krebs cycle, and TCA (tricarboxylic acid) cycle

Question 17

Passive membrane transport

Answer 17

does NOT require energy

Question 18

Active membrane transport

Answer 18

requires life and energy

Question 19

What is the biggest 2-way messenger

Answer 19

Calcium

Question 20

Osmolality

Answer 20

concentration of molecules per weight of water

Question 21

Phagocytosis is

Answer 21

pac-man, large molecular substances engulfed and enter cell to be destroyed, lysosomal enzymes

Question 22

Cellular adaptation - Ischemia

Answer 22

due to hypoxia & reduces blood flow

Question 23

Cellular adaptation - Infarction

Answer 23

cell death as failure of blood supply

Question 24

Electrical impulses of a cell

Answer 24

slide 24

Question 25

Electrical impulses of a cell

Answer 25

slide 25

Question 26

cellular adaptation - free radical

Answer 26

a molecule that has an unpaired electron that can pair with another molecule, double sided tape flapping and attached to what is in the area

Question 27

Infections

Answer 27

bring in macrophages and cause swelling and pressure

Question 28

Physical injury

Answer 28

crush cells and cause swelling and temperature variation

Question 29

Immune reactions

Answer 29

cells start attacking neighboring cells they see as a threat when they are not a threat

Question 30

chemical agents

Answer 30

changes the cytoplasm, transportation, and signaling as changes environment where cells work, like nicotine and lung cells

Question 31

Genetics

Answer 31

cells are screwed up from the start, blame your mother as most on X chromosome

Question 32

Nutrition

Answer 32

need building blocks of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids

Question 33

Stem cells - hand slide

Answer 33

Philia - HIGH - Philly is in the north Penia - LOW - Penis is down south

Question 34

What is ADH

Answer 34

the stop sign of the body to quit expelling water and increase reabsorption of water

Question 35

Mild S/S of hyperkalemia (K+>5.0)

Answer 35

tingling lips and fingers, restlessness, intestinal cramping, diarrhea, T-waves on ECG.

Question 36

Severe S/S of hyperkalemia (K+>5.0)

Answer 36

muscle weakness, loss of muscle tone, paralysis

Question 37

Treatment for hyperkalemia

Answer 37

calcium gluconate, insulin/glucose, buffered solutions, dialysis

Question 38

What causes HYPOmagnesia ?

Answer 38

malabsorption

Question 39

What causes HYPERmagnesia

Answer 39

renal failure

Question 40

Decreasing Hydrogen ions

Answer 40

Decreasing H+ ions lead to a alkaline pH (7-14)

Question 41

Increasing Hydrogen ions

Answer 41

Increasing H+ ions will lead to an acidic pH (1-7)

Question 42

To maintain body's pH (7.35-7.45), H+ must be

Answer 42

must be neutralized by the retention of bicarbonate or excreted

Question 43

What two ions are mainly concerned in acid-base balance

Answer 43

hydrogen - H+ & bicarb HCO3-

Question 44

If pH is low

Answer 44

the lungs will give off CO2 by increasing RR and the kidneys will increase hydrogen secretion

Question 45

Respiratory Acidosis

Answer 45

elevation of pCO2 as a result of ventilation depression

Question 46

Respiratory Alkalosis

Answer 46

depression of pCO2 as a result of hyperventilation

Question 47

Metabolic Acidosis

Answer 47

depression of bicarb or an increase in noncarbonic acids

Question 48

Metabolic Alkalosis

Answer 48

elevation of bicarb, usually as a result of excessive loss of metabolic acids

Question 49

Manifestations & Treatment of Respiratory Alkalosis

Answer 49

Manifestations - dizziness, confusion, extremity tingling, convulsions Treatment: breathe into a paper bag