Joints

Question 1

how do mobility and stability relate

Answer 1

the more mobile a joint the less stable and vice versa

Question 2

describe a fibrous joint

Answer 2

uses dense fibrous connective tissue to hold the bones firmly together

Question 3

the joints between the bones of the skull are

Answer 3

fibrous joints

Question 4

what are the fibrous joints in the skull called

Answer 4

sutures

Question 5

what is a syndesmosis

Answer 5

type of fibrous joint that unites bones with a sheet of fibrous tissue - partially moveable

Question 6

give an example of a syndesmosis

Answer 6

interosseous membrane in the forearm that joins the radius and ulna

Question 7

what is the name of the fibrous joint that holds a tooth into its socket

Answer 7

gomphosis (dento-alveolar syndesmosis)

Question 8

what are the 2 types of cartilaginous joints

Answer 8

primary and secondary

Question 9

what is another name for a primary cartilaginous joint

Answer 9

synchondroses

Question 10

when are primary cartilaginous joints seen

Answer 10

during bone development

Question 11

what unites the bones in primary cartilaginous joints

Answer 11

hyaline cartilage

Question 12

give an example of a primary cartilaginous joint

Answer 12

epiphyseal plates - bone epiphysis and shaft are joined by an epiphyseal plate

Question 13

what happens to the epiphyseal plate when full growth is achieved

Answer 13

epiphyseal plate converts to bone and the epiphyses fuses with the diaphysis (PCJ disappears)

Question 14

give an example of a primary cartilaginous joint that persists in adulthood

Answer 14

between first rib and sternum

Question 15

is there much movement in a primary cartilaginous joint

Answer 15

very little - slight bending in early life and permits growth in the length of a bone

Question 16

what is another name for a secondary cartilaginous joint

Answer 16

symphyses

Question 17

give 2 examples of secondary cartilaginous joints

Answer 17

• between bodies of vertebra
• between bodies of pubic bones of pelvis

Question 18

what is the function of the intervertebral disc joints

Answer 18

provide strength and shock absorption as well as considerable flexibility to the vertebral column

Question 19

compare the joint surface of primary and secondary cartilaginous joints

Answer 19

primary - small layer of cartilage between bones
secondary - thin layer of cartilage and a fibrous cartilaginous disc

Question 20

describe a synovial joint

Answer 20

joint capsule composed of an outer fibrous layer lined by a serous synovial membrane

Question 21

what is the function of the synovial membrane

Answer 21

secretes lubricating synovial fluid

Question 22

what kind of cartilage lines the bones in a synovial joint

Answer 22

articular (hyaline) cartilage

Question 23

flexion usually moves away from the anatomical position in ______ direction except for what joint

Answer 23

flexion usually moves away from the anatomical position in an anterior direction
- except knee (due to rotation of lower limb during developmet)

Question 24

shortens or folds over a structure
flexion or extension

Answer 24

flexion

Question 25

relate extension to flexion

Answer 25

extension moves away from the anatomical position in the opposite direction to flexion

Question 26

chin to chest is

Answer 26

flexion

Question 27

what is abduction

Answer 27

movement away from the midline (body wall)

Question 28

what is adduction

Answer 28

movement towards the midline (body wall)

Question 29

what is circumduction

Answer 29

combination of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction

Question 30

is circumduction the same as rotation

Answer 30

no

Question 31

what is rotation

Answer 31

turning (axial movement) at a joint away (laterally) or towards (medially) the midline

Question 32

what joints are capable of rotation

Answer 32

ball and socket pivot

Question 33

what is supination

Answer 33

turn palm to face ceiling (can i have some soup)

Question 34

what is pronation

Answer 34

turn palm to face the floor

Question 35

how does supination and pronation occur

Answer 35

via movement of the head of the radius in the forearm not in the hand or wrist

Question 36

what is plantarflexion of ankle

Answer 36

standing on tip toes

Question 37

what is dorsiflexion of ankle

Answer 37

standing with heel on ground and toes off groun

Question 38

what is inversion of the foot

Answer 38

twisting foot so that the plantar surface faces medially (big toe off ground) (plantar surface faces IN)

Question 39

what is eversion of the foot

Answer 39

twisting foot so that the plantar surface faces laterally (little toe off ground)

Question 40

what are the 2 movements of the scapula

Answer 40

retraction protraction

Question 41

what is retraction of the scapula

Answer 41

when you move scapulae medially towards the midline of back

Question 42

what is protraction of the scapula

Answer 42

when you move scapulae laterally away from midline

Question 43

what are the 4 movements of the mandible

Answer 43

elevation - close mouth depression - open mouth protraction (protrusion) retraction (retrusion)

Question 44

what kind of joint is the thumb

Answer 44

saddle joint (synovial)

Question 45

what movement is possible at the thumb

Answer 45

opposition / reposition

Question 46

what is opposition of the thumb

Answer 46

when pulp of thumb crosses palm to touch the pulp of fingertips

Question 47

what is so special about opposition of the thumb

Answer 47

allows fine controlled grasp movements for tasks such as writing and is unique to humans

Question 48

what are the 6 types of synovial joint

Answer 48

plane hinge saddle condyloid (ellipsoid) ball and socket pivot

Question 49

what are the least mobile synovial joints

Answer 49

plane

Question 50

what movements are permitted in plane joints

Answer 50

sliding and gliding between bones in the plane of the articular surfaces

Question 51

give 2 examples of plane synovial joints

Answer 51

- acromioclavicular joint between acromion of scapula and clavicle - between carpal bones of wrist

Question 52

what is the advantage of no large movements between carpal bones of wrist

Answer 52

protects structures that pass through carpal tunnel

Question 53

plane synovial joints are usually __axial

Answer 53

uniaxial

Question 54

the opposed surfaces of bones in plane joints are

Answer 54

flat or almost flat

Question 55

give 2 examples of saddle joints

Answer 55

between clavicle and sternum caro-metacarpal joint at base of 1st digit - thumb (between trapezium and 1st metacarpal)

Question 56

what is another name for a saddle joint

Answer 56

double planar

Question 57

why can saddle joints be called double planar

Answer 57

allow movements occurring around 2 axes at right angles to eachother - biaxial

Question 58

what movements are permitted at saddle joints

Answer 58

flexion extension abduction adduction - therefore circumduction

Question 59

what shape are the articular surfaces in saddle joints

Answer 59

saddle - reciprocally concave and convex

Question 60

what movements are permitted at hinge joints

Answer 60

flexion and extension - uniaxial

Question 61

give an example of a hinge joint

Answer 61

elbow

Question 62

give an example of when a bone restricts joint movement

Answer 62

extension of elbow is restricted by the bony interlocking of the humerus and ulna

Question 63

give an example of when a muscle restricts joint movement

Answer 63

flexion of elbow is restricted by muscle mass of biceps brachii and forearm muscles

Question 64

why does abduction or adduction not occur in hinge joints e.g. elbow

Answer 64

prevented by joint shape and colateral ligaments on medial and lateral sides

Question 65

give an example of an ellipsoid (condyloid) joint

Answer 65

wrist joint metocarpophalangeal joints (knuckles)

Question 66

what movements are allowed at ellipsoid (condyloid) joint

Answer 66

flexion extension abduction adduction - therefore circumduction

Question 67

what are the 2 types of synovial joints that allow rotation

Answer 67

pivot ball and socket

Question 68

what movement is allowed at a pivot joint

Answer 68

axial rotation - rotation around a central axis (uniaxial)

Question 69

give 2 examples of a pivot joint

Answer 69

- at head of radius - atlanto-axial joint

Question 70

what does the pivot joint at the head of the radius allow

Answer 70

rotation of the head to allow pronation and supination of the forearm

Question 71

describe the atlanto-axial joint

Answer 71

atlas (C1 vertebra) rotates around the dens of the axis (C2 vertebra) during rotation of head (the 'no' movement)

Question 72

what are the most mobile joints

Answer 72

ball and socket

Question 73

what movements are permitted at ball and socket joints

Answer 73

flexion extension abduction adduction medial and lateral rotation circumduction

Question 74

ball and socket joints are ___axial

Answer 74

multiaxial

Question 75

give 2 examples of ball and socket joints

Answer 75

hip shoulder (gleno-humeral)

Question 76

describe the hip joint

Answer 76

spherical head of the femur rotates within the socket formed by the acetabulum of the innominate bone (hip bone)

Question 77

is the hip or shoulder joint more stable

Answer 77

hip - supported by strong ligaments

Question 78

describe the gleno-humeral joint

Answer 78

shallow socket formed by scapula and relatively large ball formed by the humeral head - makes it more prone to dislocation than hip in adults

Question 79

what is medial rotation of the humerus at the glenohumeral joint

Answer 79

in anatomical position, rotate arm at the shoulder so that thumb moves from a lateral to medial position