Joints & Ligaments, Muscle Tissue

Question 1

Arthology?

Answer 1

joint - articulation between 2 bones

Question 2

Classifications of joints by function?

Answer 2

1. Synarthorosis - little to no movement
2. Amphiarthrosis - some movement
3. Diathrosis - freely moveable

Question 3

Classification of joints based on structure?

Answer 3

1. Fibrous
2. Cartilaginous
3. Synovial

Question 4

What is a fibrous joint?

Answer 4

• Held together by fibrous connective tissues
• provide stability/ protection/ strength

Question 5

Types of fibrous joints?

Answer 5

1. suture - between cranial bones of skull (synarthrodial)
2. syndesmosis - between ulna/radius, tibia/fibia (amphiarthrodial)
3. gomphosis - between tooth & socket (synarthordial)

Question 6

Types of cartilaginous joints?

Answer 6

1. Synchondrosis - primary cartilaginous joints, hyaline cartilage, temporary joint that can ossify with age (located in epiphyseal plate), synarthrodial.
2. Symphysis - secondary cartilaginous join, fibrocartilage, amphiarthrodial

Question 7

Types of synovial joints?

Answer 7

1. planar
2. hinge
3. pivot
4. condyloid/ellipsoid
5. saddle
6. ball & socket

Question 8

Planar joint?

Answer 8

• 2 flat surfaces articulating
• uniaxial movement
  -Allow: sliding & gliding

Question 9

Hinge joint?

Answer 9

• cylindrical surface in cylindrical groove
  -uniaxial movement
  -Allow: flexion & extension

Question 10

Pivot joint?

Answer 10

-projection fitting into ring
-uniaxial movement
-Allow: rotation (protonation/ supination)

Question 11

Condyloid/ Ellipsoid joint?

Answer 11

-oval shaped projection in an elliptical hole “egg”
-biaxial movement
-Allow: flexion & extension, abduction & adduction

Question 12

Saddle joint?

Answer 12

-Opposing surfaces are reciprocally concave/convex
-biaxial movement
-Allow: flexion & extension, abduction & adduction

Question 13

Ball & socket joint?

Answer 13

-spherical surface fitting into a bowl shaped socket
- triaxial movement
- Allow: Flexion & extension, abduction & adduction, rotation

Question 14

Planar joint example?

Answer 14

tarsal bones

Question 15

Hinge joint example?

Answer 15

elbow joint

Question 16

Pivot joint example?

Answer 16

proximal radius & ulna joint

Question 17

Condyloid/ellipsoid joint example?

Answer 17

wrist joint

Question 18

Saddle joint example?

Answer 18

1st metacarpal joint

Question 19

ball & socket joint example?

Answer 19

shoulder joint, hip joint

Question 20

Synovial joint components (5)?

Answer 20

1. synovial membrane
2. synovial cavity
3. synovial fluid
4. articular cartilage
5. accessory ligaments

Question 21

Synovial membrane?

Answer 21

encapsulate joint and covers end of both bones creating a cavity.

Question 22

synovial cavity?

Answer 22

space where joint is permitted between two bones

Question 23

synovial fluid?

Answer 23

fluid between joints that lubricates to provide friction free movement

Question 24

Articular cartilage?

Answer 24

thin strip of hyaline cartilage for friction free movement

Question 25

accessory ligaments?

Answer 25

reinforce connection between bones & restrict excess movement

Question 26

Intra-articular discs?

Answer 26

additional structure found on some synovial joints:
-fibrocartilaginous discs found at joints under high stress.
-exist in synovial cavity
FUNCTION: reinforce joint & preserve from degradation

ex. TMJ joint

Question 27

Menisci?

Answer 27

additional structure found on some synovial joints:
-fibrocartiliginous disc found between femur & tibia.
- 1/2 moon shape
FUNCTION: reinforce & preserve from degradation

Question 28

Syndesmology?

Answer 28

ligaments - connective tissue that connects bone to bone.

Question 29

Types of ligaments?

Answer 29

1. Capsular
2. Extracapsular
3. Intracapsular

Question 30

Capsular ligaments?

Answer 30

integrated with joint capsule or thickening of joint capsule
FNC: enhance strength of capsule

Question 31

Extracapsular ligaments?

Answer 31

separate from but in close proximity to capsule
FNC: stabilize joint

Question 32

Intracapsular ligaments?

Answer 32

within the joint capsule
FNC: Reinforce connection in articulating surfaces

Question 33

vasculature & innervation of joints?

Answer 33

-recieve blood supply from articular aa. in joint capsule
-rich nerve supply as they provide proprioceptive info to brain via proprioceptive receptors

Question 34

Skeletal muscle tissue?

Answer 34

• attached to bone, skin, and fascia
• voluntary
• movement of body/ joints

Question 35

Cardiac muscle tissue?

Answer 35

• walls of the heart
• involuntary
• beating of heart to pump blood

Question 36

Smooth muscle tissue?

Answer 36

• walls of organs (viscera)
• involuntary
• movement of food through GI tract & secretion of fluid through glands

Question 37

Isometric contraction?

Answer 37

produces force, no movement (stability)
- clenching, sitting in chair, plank

Question 38

concentric contraction?

Answer 38

contraction shortens muscle producing acceleration
- bicep curl

Question 39

Eccentric contraction?

Answer 39

contraction lengthens muscle decelerating body segments providing shock absorption
-landing a jump

Question 40

What is each skeletal muscle supplied by?

Answer 40

a motor and sensory n.

Question 41

Difference between origin & insertion?

Answer 41

Origin: attached to bone or muscle, more proximal, more stable (usually doesn’t move)
Insertion: Attached to skin, bone, & other m., more distal, more mobile (moved by contraction)
- m. pulls with equal force on both attachments
-fiber direction determines direction of pull