Karius Special Senses: Taste

Question 1

Relation of smell and taste

Answer 1

interact to produce flavor of food

change with age

Question 2

Where are odorant receptor located

Answer 2

cilia that protrude into mucus layer

Question 3

What type of receptor are odorant receptors

Answer 3

G protein coupled receptors– Gs

activated adenylyl cyclase

Question 4

What if odorant persists for more than a few minutes

Answer 4

sensitivity of channel to cAMP is reduced

reduce Na and Ca entry

Question 5

Olfactory neuron and odorant receptor relationship

Answer 5

olfactory neuron expresses the same odorant receptor on ALL of it’s cilia

Question 6

Location dependency for odorant receptors

Answer 6

different odorant receptors are localized to different parts of olfactory epithelium

Question 7

Advantage to the distributed localization seen

Answer 7

if one area doesn’t work then i just don’t smell it– i dont abolish the sense of smell

Question 8

Odorant effect on odorant receptors

Answer 8

each odorant activated different combinations of odorant receptors to produce characteristic odor

Question 9

Odorant concentration

Answer 9

changes the perceived smell

Question 10

High concentrations of odorant

Answer 10

odorant binds with lower affinity

Question 11

Trace amine associated receptors

Answer 11

produces physiologic/endocrine responses to pheromones (in urine)

Question 12

Where do axons of olfactory neurons pass through

Answer 12

cribriform plate and synapse on the neurons on the olfactory bulb

Question 13

Granule cell layer

Answer 13

interact with tufted cells

Question 14

Mitral cell layer

Answer 14

olfactory neuron synapse here

long end goes to glomeruli and other becomes tract

Question 15

Location of external plexiform layer

Answer 15

olfactory bulb

Question 16

Glomerular layer

Answer 16

collection of neurons, synapse

Question 17

Granule cell

Answer 17

NOT activated by olfactory neuron

release GABA and synapse with mitral and tufted cells

Question 18

Where are tufted cells found

Answer 18

external plexiform later

Question 19

Tufted cells

Answer 19

Send info to the brain

Question 20

Three kinds of post-synaptic neurons

Answer 20

mitral cell, tufted cell, periglomerular cell

Question 21

Mitral and Tufted cells

Answer 21

axons from these neurons will go to the olfactory cortex

Question 22

Periglomerular cells

Answer 22

inhibit the activity from glomeruli (inhibit from getting to brain) – getting rid of other distractions so the strongest smell goes to the brain
release GABA
remain in olfactory bulb

Question 23

What happens at the ipsilateral olfactory bulb

Answer 23

all axons expressing same odorant converge on a medial and lateral glomeruli

Question 24

Neighboring olfactory glomeruli

Answer 24

associated with chemically similar odorants

Question 25

Olfactory cortex

Answer 25

send all odorants to same place and then be selective responsible for identifying odorants sends input BACK to epithelium to help adapt to smell

Question 26

Anterior olfactory nucleus

Answer 26

relay info to same side and contralateral side | *how both sides of brain receive smell*

Question 27

Piriform cortex

Answer 27

located in anterior olfactory nucleus of olfactory cortex | important in control of appetite

Question 28

Lateral entorhinal corex

Answer 28

located in anterior olfactory nucleus of olfactory cortex

Question 29

Entorhinal cortex

Answer 29

projects to hippocampus important in memory of smell and recall of smell NEMO!!

Question 30

Medial orbitofrontal cortex

Answer 30

used to identify the flavor of foods

Question 31

Taste (gustation)

Answer 31

chemical sense that interacts closely with olfaction

Question 32

Sour taste

Answer 32

hydrogen ion via hydrogen canal

Question 33

Salty taste

Answer 33

produced when sodium or calcium ion enter the taste bud via sodium or calcium channel

Question 34

Umani taste

Answer 34

metabotropic glutamate receptor via glutamate

Question 35

Sweet taste and bitter taste

Answer 35

use second messenger system not directed related to metabotropic receptors

Question 36

Gustatory input travel to brain

Answer 36

NTS --> thalamus --> Gustatory cortex and lateral hypothalamus

Question 37

Gustatory cortex

Answer 37

basic taste and innate responses | ex. attract sweet tastes or aversion of bitter taste

Question 38

Perception of flavor: Gustatory input

Answer 38

from gustatory cortex

Question 39

Perception of flavor: Olfactory input

Answer 39

from olfactory cortex

Question 40

Perception of flavor: Somatosensory input

Answer 40

from mouth

Question 41

Perception of flavor from all 3 areas

Answer 41

send axons to lateral posterior orbitofrontal cortex to produce sensation of flavor and appreciation of food

Question 42

Compare and contrast receptors for smell an taste

Answer 42

Taste we have 5 | Olfactory Gs to help Na and Ca channels open

Question 43

How each signal (taste and olfactry) is modified/interpreted

Answer 43

largely in olfactory bulb, all going through glomeruli from a similar odorant and purpose to get rid of distractors

Question 44

Process of each (taste and olfaction) in its respective cortex

Answer 44

identify what odor is - Entorhinal cortex | send hypothalamus for appetite control and identify what you're eating

Question 45

Explain how a patient presenting with loss of taste may be experiencing olfaction loss

Answer 45

because odorants in the mouth that come from olfactory epithelium and is a big chunk of taste

Question 46

Explain how and why olfaction strongly influences memory

Answer 46

How- Entorhinal cortex and how it goes to the hippocampus Why- because olfaction is important in recognizing things ex. dogs sniffing each other's butts