Key Concepts In Biology/ezymes/cells

Question 1

Work out magnification?

Answer 1

Times two different lenses you use together (eye piece and objective lens)

Question 2

Resolution in microscopes?

Answer 2

Smallest distance between two points which can be seen as two points

Question 3

When was the electron microscope invented?

Answer 3

1930s

Question 4

Eukaryotic cell?

Answer 4

Cell with a nucleas

Question 5

Contents in an animal cell?

Answer 5

Nucleas, cytoplasm, cell membrane, ribosomes, mitochondria

Question 6

Nucleas?

Answer 6

Contains DNA material(chromosomes)

Controls the cell

Question 7

Cell membrane?

Answer 7

Like a very thin bag, controls what enters and leaves the cell
Separates one cell from another

Question 8

Mitochondria?

Answer 8

Jelly bean shape, where aerobic respiration occurs

Question 9

Cytoplasm?

Answer 9

Contains a watery jelly, where most activities occur in the cell

Question 10

Ribosomes?

Answer 10

Found in cytoplasm and make proteins (protein synthesis)

Question 11

Components in plant cell?

Answer 11

Cell membrane, cell wall, nucleas, cytoplasm, vacuole, chloroplasts

Question 12

Chloroplasts?

Answer 12

Contain chlorophyll(where photosynthesis takes place)

Question 13

Vacuole?

Answer 13

Contains cell sap and helps to keep cell rigid- structure

Question 14

Cell wall?

Answer 14

Made from cellulose, protects the cell

Question 15

Specialised cells?

Answer 15

Cells that have special functions

Question 16

How are enzymes specialised?

Answer 16

They have lots of ribosomes because enzymes are proteins

Question 17

How are small intestines adapted?

Answer 17

They have folds to make their surface area larger (the larger the surface area, the more food molecules can be absorbed)

Question 18

Human gametes?

Answer 18

Sperm cells and egg cells

Question 19

Each cell has two copies of 23 chromosomes, this makes it?

Answer 19

Diploid

Question 20

Haploid?

Answer 20

One copy of 23 chromosomes(sperm and egg cell)

Question 21

Sperm adaptations?

Answer 21

Acrosome at the head which has enzymes to break down egg cell jelly coat
Lots of mitochondria to give energy
Thin streamlined tail to swim to egg

Question 22

Bacteria?

Answer 22

Have a flagellum and are prokaryotic, which means they have no nuclei but they have one large loop of chromosomal dna. Have a cell wall, ribosomes and cell membrane

Question 23

Amylase?

Answer 23

Found in small intestine and saliva. Catalyst for breaking down of starch into small sugars

Question 24

Catalase?

Answer 24

Found in most cells but especially liver. Breaking down hydrogen peroxide, made in many cell reactions with water and oxygen

Question 25

Starch synthase?

Answer 25

Found in plants. Synthesis of starch from glucose

Question 26

DNA polymerase?

Answer 26

Found in nuclei. Synthesis of DNA from its monomers

Question 27

Protein is broken down into?

Answer 27

Amino acids

Question 28

Starch is broken down into?

Answer 28

Glucose molecules

Question 29

Lipid is broken down into?

Answer 29

Fatty acids& glycerol

Question 30

What are enzymes?

Answer 30

Biological catalysts

Question 31

How the substrate and enzyme fit together?

Answer 31

Active site on enzyme is like the lock and substrate is like the key

Question 32

How can active sites become denatured?

Answer 32

PH or temperature change can cause active site to change then the6 no longer catalyse the reaction

Question 33

Magnification equation

Answer 33

Magnifications= image height/object height

Question 34

Process of enzyme and substrate?

Answer 34

Active site has a specific active sight that only few substrates can fit into. Then when a substrate fits into the active sight it’s called the enzyme-substrate complex. The substrate is either broken apart by the active site or joined together. The enzyme then releases the products and the enzyme can be used again

Question 35

Temperature affect on enzyme activity?

Answer 35

When the temperature is lower, there is nit enough energy. When it hits the optimum temperature, the enzyme activity will be highest. Then it will quickly decline as enzymes denature as their active sites change.

Question 36

How PH affects enzyme activity?

Answer 36

At very low and high PH the enzymes are denatured so they don’t have as much activity. At the optimum PH they will have the highest amount of activity

Question 37

Substrate concentration effect on enzyme activity?

Answer 37

As there are more substrates available, enzyme activity increases quickly, until the active sites are used up. Then the activity stays the same. With a catalyst the increase in activity is quicker but it stays at the same height once the active sights are used up

Question 38

Lipase? Break down? What does it break that down into? Where is it made? Where does lipase work?

Answer 38

Lipase breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol Lipase is made in the pancreas and small intestine Lipase works in the small intestine

Question 39

Protease? Break down? What does it break that down into? Where is it made? Where does protease work?

Answer 39

Protease breaks down proteins into amino acids Protease is made in the stomach, pancreas and small intestine Protease works in the stomach and small intestine

Question 40

Amylase? Break down? What does it break that down into? Where is it made? Where does amylase work?

Answer 40

Amylase breaks down starch into sugars Amylase is made in the salivary glands, pancreas and small intestines Amylase works in the mouth and small intestine

Question 41

Cancer?

Answer 41

Cells divide uncontrollably to create lumps Benign tumours eg. Moles and warts have slow growth and are harmless Malignant tumours are fast growing, aggressive and mobile

Question 42

Risk factors in cancer?

Answer 42

Smoking, diet, sun

Question 43

Method to make stem cells?

Answer 43

``` Nuclei removed from egg cell Nuclei from participant cell inserted to empty egg Egg starts to develop into embryo Stem cells removed from embryo Stem cells turned into new cells ```

Question 44

Ciliary muscles?

Answer 44

Control shape of the lens

Question 45

Cornea?

Answer 45

Covering of the eye

Question 46

Pupil?

Answer 46

Let’s light in

Question 47

Lens?

Answer 47

For focus

Question 48

Suspensory ligaments?

Answer 48

Holds lens in place

Question 49

Sclera?

Answer 49

White bit

Question 50

Retina?

Answer 50

Where image is focused

Question 51

Optic nerve?

Answer 51

Sends message to the brain

Question 52

Short sighted?

Answer 52

Can’t see far away. Image is focused before the retina so needs a diverging lens

Question 53

Long sighted?

Answer 53

Can’t see close up. Image is focused behind the retina. Needs a converging lens