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Biology > Key Concepts In Biology/ezymes/cells > Flashcards

Key Concepts In Biology/ezymes/cells Flashcards

1
Q

Work out magnification?

A

Times two different lenses you use together (eye piece and objective lens)

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2
Q

Resolution in microscopes?

A

Smallest distance between two points which can be seen as two points

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3
Q

When was the electron microscope invented?

A

1930s

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4
Q

Eukaryotic cell?

A

Cell with a nucleas

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5
Q

Contents in an animal cell?

A

Nucleas, cytoplasm, cell membrane, ribosomes, mitochondria

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6
Q

Nucleas?

A

Contains DNA material(chromosomes)

Controls the cell

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7
Q

Cell membrane?

A

Like a very thin bag, controls what enters and leaves the cell
Separates one cell from another

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8
Q

Mitochondria?

A

Jelly bean shape, where aerobic respiration occurs

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9
Q

Cytoplasm?

A

Contains a watery jelly, where most activities occur in the cell

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10
Q

Ribosomes?

A

Found in cytoplasm and make proteins (protein synthesis)

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11
Q

Components in plant cell?

A

Cell membrane, cell wall, nucleas, cytoplasm, vacuole, chloroplasts

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12
Q

Chloroplasts?

A

Contain chlorophyll(where photosynthesis takes place)

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13
Q

Vacuole?

A

Contains cell sap and helps to keep cell rigid- structure

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14
Q

Cell wall?

A

Made from cellulose, protects the cell

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15
Q

Specialised cells?

A

Cells that have special functions

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16
Q

How are enzymes specialised?

A

They have lots of ribosomes because enzymes are proteins

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17
Q

How are small intestines adapted?

A

They have folds to make their surface area larger (the larger the surface area, the more food molecules can be absorbed)

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18
Q

Human gametes?

A

Sperm cells and egg cells

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19
Q

Each cell has two copies of 23 chromosomes, this makes it?

A

Diploid

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20
Q

Haploid?

A

One copy of 23 chromosomes(sperm and egg cell)

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21
Q

Sperm adaptations?

A

Acrosome at the head which has enzymes to break down egg cell jelly coat
Lots of mitochondria to give energy
Thin streamlined tail to swim to egg

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22
Q

Bacteria?

A

Have a flagellum and are prokaryotic, which means they have no nuclei but they have one large loop of chromosomal dna. Have a cell wall, ribosomes and cell membrane

23
Q

Amylase?

A

Found in small intestine and saliva. Catalyst for breaking down of starch into small sugars

24
Q

Catalase?

A

Found in most cells but especially liver. Breaking down hydrogen peroxide, made in many cell reactions with water and oxygen

25
Q

Starch synthase?

A

Found in plants. Synthesis of starch from glucose

26
Q

DNA polymerase?

A

Found in nuclei. Synthesis of DNA from its monomers

27
Q

Protein is broken down into?

A

Amino acids

28
Q

Starch is broken down into?

A

Glucose molecules

29
Q

Lipid is broken down into?

A

Fatty acids& glycerol

30
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Biological catalysts

31
Q

How the substrate and enzyme fit together?

A

Active site on enzyme is like the lock and substrate is like the key

32
Q

How can active sites become denatured?

A

PH or temperature change can cause active site to change then the6 no longer catalyse the reaction

33
Q

Magnification equation

A

Magnifications= image height/object height

34
Q

Process of enzyme and substrate?

A

Active site has a specific active sight that only few substrates can fit into.
Then when a substrate fits into the active sight it’s called the enzyme-substrate complex.
The substrate is either broken apart by the active site or joined together. The enzyme then releases the products and the enzyme can be used again

35
Q

Temperature affect on enzyme activity?

A

When the temperature is lower, there is nit enough energy. When it hits the optimum temperature, the enzyme activity will be highest. Then it will quickly decline as enzymes denature as their active sites change.

36
Q

How PH affects enzyme activity?

A

At very low and high PH the enzymes are denatured so they don’t have as much activity. At the optimum PH they will have the highest amount of activity

37
Q

Substrate concentration effect on enzyme activity?

A

As there are more substrates available, enzyme activity increases quickly, until the active sites are used up. Then the activity stays the same. With a catalyst the increase in activity is quicker but it stays at the same height once the active sights are used up

38
Q

Lipase? Break down? What does it break that down into? Where is it made? Where does lipase work?

A

Lipase breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol
Lipase is made in the pancreas and small intestine
Lipase works in the small intestine

39
Q

Protease? Break down? What does it break that down into? Where is it made? Where does protease work?

A

Protease breaks down proteins into amino acids
Protease is made in the stomach, pancreas and small intestine
Protease works in the stomach and small intestine

40
Q

Amylase? Break down? What does it break that down into? Where is it made? Where does amylase work?

A

Amylase breaks down starch into sugars
Amylase is made in the salivary glands, pancreas and small intestines
Amylase works in the mouth and small intestine

41
Q

Cancer?

A

Cells divide uncontrollably to create lumps
Benign tumours eg. Moles and warts have slow growth and are harmless
Malignant tumours are fast growing, aggressive and mobile

42
Q

Risk factors in cancer?

A

Smoking, diet, sun

43
Q

Method to make stem cells?

A 
Nuclei removed from egg cell
Nuclei from participant cell inserted to empty egg
Egg starts to develop into embryo 
Stem cells removed from embryo
Stem cells turned into new cells
44
Q

Ciliary muscles?

A

Control shape of the lens

45
Q

Cornea?

A

Covering of the eye

46
Q

Pupil?

A

Let’s light in

47
Q

Lens?

A

For focus

48
Q

Suspensory ligaments?

A

Holds lens in place

49
Q

Sclera?

A

White bit

50
Q

Retina?

A

Where image is focused

51
Q

Optic nerve?

A

Sends message to the brain

52
Q

Short sighted?

A

Can’t see far away. Image is focused before the retina so needs a diverging lens

53
Q

Long sighted?

A

Can’t see close up. Image is focused behind the retina. Needs a converging lens

Biology (8 decks)

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