key concepts in tables Flashcards
1
Q
aphasia
brocas aphasia
wernickes aphasia
A
impairment in language functions
disturbs ability to produce language
disturbs ability to understand language
2
Q
amnesia
anterograde amnesia
retrograde amnesia
A
impairment of memory functions
disturbs memory for events after brain injury occurs
disturbs memory for events before brain injury occurs
3
Q
agnosia
visual agnosia
tactile agnosia
A
impairment in perceptual recognition of objects
disturbs visual recognition
disturbs touch recognition
4
Q
James lange theory of emotion
A
we feel sorry because we cry, angry because we strike and afraid because we tremble
5
Q
cannon bard theory of emotion
A
emotions reflect physiological arousal of the ANS and specific neural circuits in the brain
seeing a snake makes you scared
6
Q
shatter-singer theory of emotion
A
unspecified physiological arousal will be labeled as different emotions depending on mental response to environmental stimulation
7
Q
SHERIF:
strategy used?
result?
A
auto kinetic effect
individuals’ estimates of movements conform to groups
8
Q
ASCH:
strategy used?
result?
A
comparing length of lines
subjects yield to group pressure and choose incorrect line
9
Q
MILGRAM:
strategy used?
result?
A
asks subjects to administer electroshock to other person
subjects shock other person and majority continued to shock up to max voltage
10
Q
zygote
A
sperm cell fertilizes the egg cell and forms a single cell called the zygote, which is implanted into the Fallopian tubes
11
Q
germinal period
A
fertilized egg travels down Fallopian tubes and is then implanted in the uterine wall
12
Q
embryonic period
A
embryo increases size by 2 million%
begin to develop human appearance
begin to move limbs
testes or ovaries in baby are produced by androgens
13
Q
fetal period
A
begins in the 3rd month
measurable brain activity in fetus
14
Q
rooting
A
turn head in the direction of stimuli applied to cheek
15
Q
moro
A
baby hugging themself
16
Q
babinski
A
toes curl and spread apart
17
Q
grasping
A
grabbing something placed in their hand
18
Q
oral stage of psychosexual development
A
libidinal energy centers on mouth
fixation leads to dependency
19
Q
anal stage of psychosexual development
A
potty training
fixation leads to excessive orderliness or messiness
20
Q
phallic stage of psychosexual development
A
oedipal conflict is resolved
21
Q
latency stage of psychosexual development
A
libido is largely sublimated
22
Q
genital stage of psychosexual development
A
begins at puberty
if previous stages resolved properly, they will enter normal heterosexual relations
23
Q
structuralism
key people:
important info:
A
tichner
breaks consciousness into elements using introspection
24
Q
functionalism
key people:
important info:
A
James and dewey
studies how mind functions improve and adapt to environments
25
behaviorism
key people:
important info:
Watson and skinner
psychopathology as an objective study of behavior
26
gestalt psychology
key people:
important info:
worthheimer, kohler, Kafka
whole is different than the sum of the parts
27
cognitivism
key people:
important info:
Chomsky
humans think, believe and are creative
28
psychoanalysis
key people:
important info:
freud, jung, adler
behavior is a result of unconscious conflicts, repression and defense mechanisms
29
humanism
key people:
important info:
Maslow and rogers
looks at people as wholes
people have free will
psychologists should also study mentally healthy people
30
systems psychology
key people:
important info:
baker battson
human behavior must be considered within the context of complex systems
applications include IO psych and family therapy
31
lateral hypothalamus
hunger center
| lesions lead to aphagia: lacking hunger
32
ventromedial hypothalamus
saciety center
| lesions lead to hyperphagia: very hungry
33
anterior hypothalamus
sexual activity center
| lesions lead to inhibition of sexual activity: asexuality
34
septal nuclei
pleasure center identified by olds and milner
inhibits agression
lesions produce septal rage
35
amygdala
Kluver and Bucy
defensive and aggressive behavior
lesions produce docility and hyper sexual states
36
hippocampus
memory
| lesions produce anterograde amnesia
37
visual system
RH: letters and words
LH: faces
38
auditory system
RH: language related sounds
LH: music
39
language
RH: speech, reading, writing, math
LH: emotions
40
movement
RH:complex voluntary movement
41
spatial processes
LH: creativity and sense of direction
42
what behavior and disorder are associated with acetylcholine?
voluntary muscle control
alzheimers
43
what behavior is associated with epinephrine (adrenaline)?
fight or flight
44
what behavior and disorder are associated with norepinephrine (nonadrenalines)?
wakefulness and alertfulness
depression and mania
45
what behavior and disorder are associated with dopamine?
smooth movements and steady posture
schizophrenia and parkinsons
46
what behavior and disorder are associated with seratonin?
mood, sleep, eat, dream
depression and mania
47
what behavior and disorder are associated with GABA?
stabilizes brain
anxiety disorders
48
what behavior is associated with endorphin (peptide)?
natural pain killer
49
hypothalamus gland
controls release of pituitary hormones
50
pituitary gland
master gland which secretes hormones in many other glands
51
thyroid gland
affects metabolism, growth and development
52
adrenal medulla gland
produces adrenaline
| fight or flight response
53
ovary gland
estrogen stimulates female sex characteristics
| progesterone prepares uterus for embryo implantation
54
testicular gland
testosterone produces male sex characteristics
| relevant to sexual arousal
55
testosterone
maturing of male genitalia
production of sperm
growth of facial and pubic hair
56
estrogen
maturing of female genitalia
growth of breasts
growth of uterine lining
57
progesterone
maintenance of uterine lining
58
gonadotrophin
increased production of hormones by testes or ovaries
59
FSH
development of ovarian follicle
60
LH
occupation
61
absolute threshold
amount of stimulus energy needed to perceive something
62
difference threshold
amount of stimulus energy that needs to be added or subtracted from a stimulus for a person to say that they perceive a DIFFERENCE
63
JND
one JND needs to be added or subtracted from a stimulus for someone to say that they notice a difference
64
webers law
what's important in producing JND is the ratio of the absolute stimuli
65
receptors
respond to physical stimuli
66
transduction
translates physical energy to neural impulses
67
projection areas
brain areas that further analyze sensory input
68
simple cells respond to _______
orientation
69
complex cells respond to _______
movement
70
hyper-complex cells respond to _______
shape
71
illumination
an OBJECTIVE measurement of the amount of light falling on a surface
72
brightness
a SUBJECTIVE impression of the intensity of a stimulus
73
dark adaptation
controlled by regeneration of rhodospin
74
lateral inhibition
adjacent retinal cells inhibit one another
| sharpens and highlights borders between dark and light areas
75
young-hemholtz trichromatic theory
red blue and green color receptors
76
hering opponent process theory
three opposing pairs that are red-green, blue-yellow and black-white
77
interposition
if one object covers another, the partially hidden object will be seen as further away
78
relative size
comparison of retinal size of the object to actual size of the object gives us depth perception
79
linear perspective
parallel lines appear to converge as they recede into the distance
80
texture gradients
as scene receded from the viewer, the surface texture of the objects appear to change
81
motion parralax
when observer moves, objects appear more relevant to distance from observer
82
binocular disparity
each eye sees a slightly different scene and when compared we can perceive depth
83
bottom up processing
data driven
responds directly to incoming stimuli on the basis of fixed rules and then sums up the components to arrive at the whole pattern
seeing B in between 12 and 14 and wondering if it is 13
84
top down processing
concept driven
guided by conceptual processes such as memories and expectations that allow the brain to recognize whole objects and their components
seeing B as B
85
apparent motion
when 2+ lights flicker, they are seen as one moving unit
86
induced motion
stationary point of light moves when the background moves
87
autokinectic effect
stable point of light when viewed in a dark room is perceived to move
88
motion aftereffect
when you look at something for a long time, it will move the other direction when the motion stops
89
preferential looking in infant perception
two stimuli presented side by side
| if the infant looks longer at one, they can perceive the difference
90
habituation in infant perception
stimulus is presented, infant stops looking, new stimulus is presented, if the infant looks at it they can tell the difference between old and new
91
animal experiments in infant perception
assesses contribution of nature and nurture to the development of vision
92
OBJECTIVE DIMENSIONS
- frequency
- intensity
number of sound wave cycles per second measured in hertzes
amplitude of the sound wave measured in decibels
93
SUBJECTIVE DIMENSIONS
- pitch
- loudness
- timbre
subjective experience to the frequency of sound
subjective experience to the intensity of sound
refers to the quality of sound
94
why classical conditioning works
| -contiguity
CS and UCS are near in time
95
why classical conditioning works
| -contingency
CS is a good signal for UCS
96
why classical conditioning works
| -blocking
CS is a good signal for UCS and provides non redundant information about the recurrence of the US
97
fixed ratio schedule
behavior reinforced after a fixed number of responses
ex: delivery reward every 5th response
98
variable ratio schedule
behavior reinforced after a varying number of responses
ex: slot machine
99
fixed internal schedule
behavior reinforces for the first response after a fixed period of time has elapsed since the last reinforcement
ex: bi monthly pay at work
100
variable interval schedule
behavior reinforced for the first response after a varying time period has elapsed since the last reinforcement
ex: boss checking in at random times to check your work
101
flooding
directly forcing client to experience the feared object
102
implosion
making the client imagine the feared object
103
systematic desensitization
making the client imagine the feared object while remaining in a relaxed state
104
conditioned aversion
pairing conditioned stimulus with an aversive unconditioned stimulus
105
contingency management
attempt to change the clients behavior by altering the consequences of said behavior
106
behavioral contract
written agreement that states consequences of certain acts
| useful in resolving inner conflicts
107
premack principle
using more preferred activity to reinforce a less preferred activity
108
thorndike's problem solving
problem solving is due to to trial and error learning
109
kohler's problem solving
problem solving is insightful
110
Tolman's cognitive maps
mental images of physical spaces
111
Bandura's observational learning
observing others behavior affects your behavior
112
Garcia's preparedness
animals are prepared to learn connections between certain stimuli
113
Breland and Breland instinctual drift
innate ways of behaving are able to override operant conditioning
114
reproductive fitness
accounts for the number off offspring that live old enough to reproduce
atruism is problematic
115
inclusive fitness
accounts for the number off offspring that live old enough to reproduce AND other relatives that live to reproductive age
altruism is not problematic
116
reaction time
elapsed time between stimulus presentation and subject's response to it
117
eye movements
"on-line" measure of information processing
118
brain imaging
used to associate various cognitive process with various parts of the brain
119
maintenance rehearsal
repeating information
| keeping it in short term memory
120
elaborative rehearsal
organizing information and associating it with what you already know to put it with information already in long-term memory
putting it into long term memory
121
short-term memory encoding of verbal material is likely to be based on what?
phonology
122
long-term memory encoding of verbal material is likely to be based on what?
meaning
123
semantic verification task
used to investigate the organization of semantic memory
124
spreading activation model
semantic memory organized into map of inter completed concepts; the key is the distance between the concepts
125
semantic feature-comparison model
semantic memory contains feature lists of concepts
| the key is the amount of overlap in the feature lists of concepts
126
phonemes
smallest sound units
127
morphemes
smallest units of meaning
128
syntax
grammatical arrangement of words and sentences
129
semantics
meaning of words and sentences
130
NOAM CHOMSKY'S
| surface structure
actual order of words in a sentence
131
NOAM CHOMSKY'S
| deep structure
underlying form that specifies the meaning of a sentence
132
NOAM CHOMSKY'S
| transformational rules
tells us how we can change from one sentence form to another
133
whorfian hypothesis
language determines how reality is percieved
134
nominal scale
labels
| ex: political affiliation
135
ordinal scale
ranks
| ex: order of finishing a race
136
interval scale
equal intervals
| ex: temperature in F
137
ratio scale
equal intervals AND true zero point
| ex: income
138
personality inventories
MMPI
| CPI
139
projective tests
rorschach inkblot test
TAT
blacky pictures
rotter's incomplete sentences
