Key Individuals: The Directory & Napoleon's Rise 1795-1799 Flashcards
(27 cards)
1
Q
Comte d’Artois
A
- LXVI’s brother
- 1791: Commanded the émigré troops in Coblenz
- 1795: Linked up with Couan rebels in Brittany & supported a British led invastion
2
Q
General Augereau
A
- Served in the French Army in the revolutionary wars and earned rapid promotion
- 4 September 1797: During the coup de Fructidor, seized strongpoints in Paris and 177 royalist deputies were arrested. 53 of them were exiled to French Guiana and 42 opposition papers were shut
- Made division commander under Napoleon in Italy
3
Q
Gracchus Babeuf
A
- Political & Social rights campaigner
- 1794: Set up Le Tribun du Peuple
- His ideas are often described as an early form of communism
- His ideas attracted lower class of workers
- His song Dying of Hunger, Dying of Cold became popular in Parisian cafés
- Executed in 1797 after government spies intercepted what could’ve been an uprising
4
Q
Vicomte de Barras
A
- Helped create the Directory
- 4 September 1797: Made the plot triggering the coup of Fructidor and produced evidence that Pichegru was contacting emigres and accused the Five Hundred of being against the revolution
- Regarded as corrupt and was rumoured to be planning a royalist restoration
- Fell from Power in Napoleon’s Coup of Brumaire in 1799
- Spent time in exile
5
Q
François de Barthèlemy
A
- Member of the Directory
- Replaced Letourner
- 1797: Forced to step down in the Coup of Fructidor
6
Q
Lucien Bonaparte
A
- 23 October 1799: After Sieyes bribed council members, Lucien was elected as President of the Council of Five Hundred
- December 1799: Appointed as Minister of the Interior
- In the Plebiscite of 1800, Lucien adjusted the statistics to suggest that 46.26% of the electorate participated and 99.9% voted for Napoleon to be First Consul
7
Q
Napoleon Bonaparte
A
- 5 October 1795: Commander of the Army of the Interior and military advisor to the Directory. In the Rising of Vendémaire he was in command of the Republic’s 5000-6000 troops and along with Murat shot a cannon that killed 300 royalists
- 1796: Appointed as the Commander of Chief of the French Army of Italy. Transformed demoralized French troops into a victorious force.
- October 1797: Signed Treaty of Campo Formio
- 1798-1799: Egyptian Campaign
- 8-9 November 1799: Came to power in France in the Coup of Brumaire after taking command of troops and used military force to expel deputies.
- Established himself as Consul 1799-1804
- 1804-1815: Became Emperor
- 1814: Forced to abdicate
- 1815: Returned to power for 100 days before being defeated at Waterloo and exiled to Saint Helena
- Known for Empire, military leadership, Napoleonic Code, administrative reform, Education and revival of titles and honours
8
Q
Jean-Jacques Régis de Cambacérès
A
- December 1799: Appointed as Second Consul
- Had legal knowledge and was a moderate republcian
- Intensely loyal to Napoleon
9
Q
Lazare Carnot
A
- A Director
- More of a moderate conservative
- 1797: Forced to step down in the Coup of Fructidor
- Served Napoleon
10
Q
Pierre-Roger Ducos
A
- Sat in ‘the Plain’ during the National Convention
- A member of the Council of Five Hundred
- Named Director after the Coup of Prairial thanks to influence of Barras, his close friend
- 1799: Supported Napoleon’s Coup d’état and was made one of the original three Consuls with Napoleon & Sieyès
- December 1799: Entered the new Senate
- Did well in the Empire but abandoned Napoleon in 1814
11
Q
Joseph Fouché
A
- Served in every government from 1792 to 1815
- Served as a Jacobin under the Directory from 1795-1799
- 1799: became Minister of Police
12
Q
Louis-Marie-Stanislas Fréron
A
- After Robespierre’s fall his newspaper L’Orateur du Peuple became the mouthpiece for anti-Jacobins and incited the Muscadins to attack the Sans-Culottes with the clubs
- Instigates the arrests of former colleagues Fouquier-Tinville, Carrier and other Montagnards
13
Q
Louis-Jérôme Gohier
A
- Former Jacobin Minister during the National Convention
- Member of the Directory
- 17 June 1799: Replaced Director Treilhard as the Council of Five Hundred & Ancients complained Treilhard election was illegal (Coup de Prairial)
- 9-10 November 1799: Refused to resign so was place under house arrest during the Coup of Brumaire
14
Q
General Hoche
A
- July 1795: Defeated a rising at Quiberon Bay in Southern Brittany which led to the execution of nearly 700 émigrés. As a reward he was made Commander of the Army of Interior & advisor on military matters to the Directory
- 1795-96: Called upon to deal with remaining pockets of royalist sentiment in the Vendée & west
- March 1796: Commander in chief of the Army of Italy
- Commanded the Army of the Rhine in 1797
- 4 September 1797: During the coup de Fructidor, seized strongpoints in Paris and 177 royalist deputies were arrested. 53 of them were exiled to French Guiana and 42 opposition papers were shut
- Helped Napoleon expel the royalists from Paris
15
Q
General Joubert
A
- 1791: Volunteered for the army
- 1793: Became a general
- Held various commands in Holland, the Rhine & in Italy where he became commander-in-chief
- 18 June 1799: During the Coup of Prairial, he was ordered to organise troop movements in Paris as he had taken command of the Army of Paris
- Sieyès appeared to have spoken to him about staging a coup d’état
- Died in the Battle of Novi 1799
16
Q
Charles-François Lebrun
A
- December 1799: Appointed as Third Consul
- Royalist sentiment
- Intensely loyal to Napoleon
17
Q
Jean-François-Auguste Moulin
A
- A general and a Director
- Barras’ protégé
- 9-10 November 1799: Refused to resign so was place under house arrest during the Coup of Brumaire
18
Q
Joachim Murat
A
- October 1795: Cavalry soldier aiding Napoleon against royalists
- Aide-de-camp in Italian and Egyptian campaigns
- Coup of Brumaire 1799: Moved 6,000 men into position around Saint Cloud and led grenadiers to forcibly expel deputies from the Council of Five Hundred.
19
Q
General Pichegru
A
- 1 April 1795: Rising of Germinal, He gained command of Paris following the declaration of martial law because 10,000 invaded the Convention demanding bread and the Constitution of 1793
- 4 September 1797: Directors hatched a plot and found evidence of Pichegru making contact with emigres
- 1800-1804: Implicated in an assassination attempt against Napoleon
20
Q
Comte de Provence (‘Louis XVIII)
A
- Younger brother of Louis XVI
- Fled from Paris on 20 June 1791 and reached Brussels on 21 June
- Took the royal title in June 1795 after the death of Louis XVI’s son
- Wanted to restore the monarchy which he encouraged in the Verona declaration of June 1795
- Lived in exile in Prussia, Russia and Britain
- September 1800: Napoleon responded to the rumor that LXVIII would be placed on the throne and wrote “You should not hope return to France. It would be better for you to march over 100,000 bodies”
21
Q
Louis Marie de la Revéllière-Lepeaux
A
- A Director
- 4 September 1797: Made the plot triggering the coup of Fructidor and produced evidence that Pichegru was contacting emigres and accused the Five Hundred of being against the revolution
22
Q
Jean-François Rewbell
A
- A Director
- 4 September 1797: Made the plot triggering the coup of Fructidor and produced evidence that Pichegru was contacting emigres and accused the Five Hundred of being against the revolution
23
Q
Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès
A
- Served in the Directory. Elected in 1795 but didn’t agree to serve until 1799
- 18 June 1799: During the Coup de Priairial, he proposed Directors Lépeaux & Doouai should stand down and called on Joubert to organise troop movement in Paris and Sieyès received their resignations that evening
- July 1799: Introduced the Law of Hostages which allowed local authorities to take action against potential radicals
- Played a major role the coup d’état that brought Napoleon to power in 1799
- December 1799: Entered the new Senate
24
Q
Talleyrand
A
- Became Foreign Minister for 2 years during the Directory and during Napolon
- Influenced Barras to resign in the Coup of Brumaire of November 1799
25
Jean-Lambert Tallien
- A Montagnard in the National Convention
- Member of the CGS
- Organised the army & crushed the rebellion in Bordeaux
- Supported Coup of Thermidor and became a leader in the Thermidorian reaction
- Took part in the suppression of members of the revolutionary tribunals
- Member of the Council of Five Hundred under the Directory
- Accompanied Napoleon to Egypt in 1798
26
Josephine Tascher de La Pageries
- 9 March 1796: Married Napolean and 2 days later he went to Italy due to being Commander
- She was a 33 divorcee and Napolean was 27
- Widow of Beauharnais who'd been guillotined in the Terror and had 2 children
- Woman of love affairs, friend of Barras and was known for her beauty and charm
27
Vincent Ramel
- Finance Minister during the Directory
- Reorganised the taxation system by increasing efficiency
- Introduced a new property tax to address the budgetary issues and cover short fall between income and expenditure
- Revived the octrois
- Issued mandats to write of 2/3 of government debt
- His reforms allowed the Directory claim that it had finally achieved a balance of payments surplus in 1797 and 1798
- He alienated creditors and tax-paying bourgeoisie whom the Directory relied on for support
