Key Period 4 Flashcards
85) What were the “midnight judges”?
The “midnight judges” were 16 new federal judges that were put in power by Adams. They too were part of the Federalist party. These new judges were pretty much ignored by the Democratic-Republican Congress.
86) Who was John Marshall?
Chief Justice John Marshall was the person in charge of the Marshall Court whose decisions strengthened/reasserted federal power over the states.
87) What was the Marbury v. Madison case?
The Marbury v. Madison case established the policy of judicial review where the supreme court can review laws and the actions of the other branches of government. AKA reestablishing checks and balances.
88) What was “strict” vs. “loose” construction?
“strict” construction was the belief that if it wasn’t directly stated in the Constitution then it was unconstitutional. While “loose” construction was much like the elastic clause where a branch had implied powers.
89) What was the Louisiana Purchase?
The Louisiana Purchase was a deal struck by a broke Napoleon and Thomas Jefferson. Napoleon agreed to sell France’s territory to the US in exchange for 11.25 M. This was a significant event because this acquisition of land made the United States double in size.
90) What was the Embargo Act of 1807/Non-Intercourse Act of 1809?
The Embargo Act of 1807/Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 were acts passed that stopped the United States’ ability to trade with other nations in an attempt to remain neutral in their conflicts. These acts backfired horribly especially in the North. The Non-Intercourse Act only made trade with GB and France off limits.
91) What were the “war hawks”?
The “war hawks” were people who were pro-war, meaning that they supported wars of any kind. They were mostly Southern and Western Congressmen and blamed GB for the conflicts with Native tribes. Their major opponent was New England because they needed to trade with GB.
92) Who were Tecumseh and the Prophet?
Tecumseh and the Prophet were Natives who tried to organize a confederacy of all tribes east of the Mississippi, inspiring a revival of traditional culture. Their attempt was shut down by William Henry Harrison at the Battle of Tippecanoe
93) What was the War of 1812?
The War of 1812 was fought between America and Britain. The British crushed the Americans and burned the Capitol and White House. The turning point was the Battle of Fort McHenry where the Americans survived a 24 hour bombardment. The treaty afterwards was the Treaty of Ghent.
94) What was the Treaty of Ghent?
The Treaty of Ghent was the peace treaty that ended the War of 1812 between Great Britain and America
95) What was the Hartford Convention?
The Hartford Convention was a meeting that took place in Connecticut and was about how the Federalist Party would act since this was in the midst of the War of 1812. They also discussed the increase in federal government power. 2/3 majority rules.
96) What was the “Era of Good Feelings”
The “Era of Good Feelings” was a time period where America began to form its individual identity as a nation. Nationalism was very common among the citizens and foreigners began to respect America’s values. Also President Jackson’s name is syonomys with the era
97) Who were the Knickerbockers?
The Knickerbockers were artisans whose works focused mainly on American ideals, traditions, and unique characteristics. Their work was often emotional, individualistic, fond of nature and solitude, fantastical, and idealistic.
98) What was the Panic of 1819?
The Panic of 1819 was when the BUS was deeply involved with over-speculation (over-valuing/ over-crediting) of frontier lands. This lead to financial panic and hit the West especially hard. The distrust of the East and of their banks increased in the West.
99) What were the “wildcat” banks?
The “wildcat” banks were state chartered banks which were used in sparsely populated areas. They created and distributed their own currency and gave easy credit.
100) Who was Henry Clay and his American System?
Henry Clay was the Speaker of the House who proposed the American System where there would be a protective tariff to boost American industry as well as internal improvements to roads and things of the like.
101) What was the Cumberland Road?
The Cumberland Road was the first highway to be improved under the American System. It ran from western Maryland to Illinois. It is also known as the National Road.
102) What was the Monroe Doctrine?
The Monroe Doctrine declared the American continent was closed to colonization. This was issued in response to Russia settling in Alaska. This Doctrine applied to all European Nations. This document drives American foreign policy for the next hundred years
103) What was the “corrupt bargain”?
The “corrupt bargain” was when there was no majority in the electoral college. As a result the vote goes to House of Representatives. In a surprise, Henry Clay throws his support to Quincy Adams who names him Secretary of State.
104) What was the “spoils system”?
The “spoils system” was when Andrew Jackson was awarding government offices to his supporters.
105) Who was Alexis de Tocqueville
Alexis de Tocqueville was a Frenchman that wrote Democracy in America
106) What was the Democratic Party?
The Democratic Party was mainly comprised of farmers who feared a strong central government. Wanted to reduce government’s role in railroad building and lower tariffs
107) What was the Tariff of 1828?
The Tariff of 1828 was also known as the Tariff of Abominations in South Carolina. The reason for the name is because it raised the tariff on imported manufactured goods.
108) What was the Nullification Crisis?
The Nullification Crisis was a dispute over the power that states hold during the presidency of Andrew Jackson. South Carolina argued that the Tariff of Abominations was unconstitutional and therefore null and void in South Carolina.
109) What was the Force Bill?
The Force Bill authorized President Jackson to use the army and navy to collect taxes from the Tariffs. The Force Act was never invoked because South Carolina also nullified the Force Act.
