Key Terms for Exam II, Practice questions, Old quiz questions

Question 1

Species exist when they are _____ from one another because of a lack of _____.

Answer 1

Genetically isolated from one another because of a lack of gene flow.

Question 2

Divergence in traits such as genitalia shape prevents fertilization. What specific type of pre-zygotic isolation is this known as?

Answer 2

Mechanical isolation

Question 3

When there is high allelic diversity within a population, is there a good or bad chance of evolution?

Answer 3

Good chance

Question 4

Dispersal and vicariance result in _____ speciation.

Answer 4

Allopatric speciation

Question 5

The _____ looks at genetic divergence as well as morphological traits.

Answer 5

Phylogenetic species

Question 6

The _____ considers evolutionary independence due to reproductive isolation.

Answer 6

Biological species concept

Question 7

The _____ is the primary way in which fossils are assigned to species

Answer 7

Morphospecies concept

Question 8

Allele frequencies do not change very much due to _____. And in no case will an allele be lost.

Answer 8

Genetic drift

Question 9

Allelic frequency increases over generations. This is due to what?

Answer 9

Selection

Question 10

Allelic frequency decreases over time and eventually the allele is lost. This is due to?

Answer 10

Deleterious mutation

Question 11

Mutations that affect cells in the body

Answer 11

Somatic mutations

Question 12

Mutations that affect games and can be passed from parents to offspring

Answer 12

Germ-line mutations

Question 13

A trait for which multiple, discrete phenotypes can arise from a single genotype depending on environmental circumstances

Answer 13

Polyphenic trait

Question 14

A signaling molecule that flows between nearby cells and acts directly to alter expression of target genes

Answer 14

Morphogen

Question 15

Measurable phenotypes that vary among individuals over a given range to produce a continuous distribution of phenotypes

Answer 15

Quantitative traits

Question 16

A type of genetic drift describing the loss of allelic variation that accompanies formation of a new population

Answer 16

Founder effect

Question 17

Occurs when the effects of an allele at one locus are modified by alleles at one or more other loci

Answer 17

Epistasis

Question 18

Selection that favors more than one allele. It acts to maintain genetic diversity

Answer 18

Balancing selection

Question 19

This is when rare genotypes have higher fitness than common genotypes. This process can maintain genetic variation in a population.

Answer 19

Negative frequency-dependent selection

Question 20

An allele that yields twice the phenotypic effect when two copies are present at a given locus than when only a single copy is present is known as…

Answer 20

An additive allele

Question 21

Natural selection is ineffective in a _____ population and effective in _____ ones.

Answer 21

Small - ineffective

Large - effective

Question 22

Based on the options above, _____ most specifically defines when two rival males
compete.

Answer 22

Interspecific conflict

Question 23

Based on the options above, _____ more generally defines when two rival males
compete.

Answer 23

Intraspecific conflict

Question 24

Sharp-shooters have a morphological trait known as a _____.

Answer 24

Bacteriome

Question 25

The sharp-shooter example most correctly represents an example of \_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 25

Endosymbiosis

Question 26

\_\_\_\_\_ is when species interact antagonistically in a way that results in each species exerting reciprocal directional selection on the other.

Answer 26

Coevolutionary escalation/arms race

Question 27

A relationship involving two species in which one species benefits but the other suffers no loss of fitness is known as \_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 27

Positive/neutral commensalism

Question 28

One of several alternative forms of DNA sequence of same locus

Answer 28

Allele

Question 29

A form of cell division that occurs only in eukaryotes. # of chromosomes cut in half

Answer 29

Meiosis

Question 30

Exchange of genetic material between paired chromosomes during meiosis

Answer 30

Genetic recombination

Question 31

Alleles that produce the same phenotype whether they are paired with an identical allele or a different allele

Answer 31

Dominant allele

Question 32

Alleles that produce their characteristic phenotype only when they are paired with an identical allele

Answer 32

Recessive allele

Question 33

Changes in the phenotype produced by a single genotype in different environments

Answer 33

Phenotypic plasticity

Question 34

The study of distribution of alleles within populations and the mechanisms that cause allelic frequencies to change over time

Answer 34

Population genetics

Question 35

The specific locus of a gene or piece of DNA sequence on a chromosome

Answer 35

Genetic locus

Question 36

This theorum proves that in absence of genetic drift, mutation, selection, migration, allele frequencies at a genetic locus will not change from one generation to the next

Answer 36

Hardy-Weinburg equilibrium

Question 37

An allele becomes _____ in a population when all of the alternative alleles have disappeared

Answer 37

Fixed

Question 38

The success of an organism at surviving and reproducing, contributing offspring to future generations

Answer 38

Fitness

Question 39

Success of the genotype at producing new individuals standardized by the success of other genotypes in the population

Answer 39

Relative fitness

Question 40

Difference between average fitness of individuals bearing the allele and average fitness of population as a whole

Answer 40

Average excess of fitness

Question 41

Condition when a mutation in a single gene affects the expression of many different phenotypic traits

Answer 41

Pleiotropy

Question 42

Selection that decreases the frequency of alleles within a population

Answer 42

Negative selection

Question 43

Selection that increases the frequency of alleles within a population

Answer 43

Positive selection

Question 44

The probability that the two alleles at any locus in an individual will be identical by descent

Answer 44

Inbreeding coefficient

Question 45

A reduction in the average fitness of inbred individuals relative to that of outbred individuals

Answer 45

Inbreeding depression

Question 46

A group of spatially separated populations of the same species that interact at some level

Answer 46

Metapopulation

Question 47

Species are metapopulations of organisms that exchange alleles frequently enough that they comprise the same gene pool and therefore same evolutionary lineage

Answer 47

General lineage species concept

Question 48

An aspect of the environment, genetics, behavior, physiology, or ecology of a species that reduces or impedes gene flow from individuals of other species

Answer 48

Isolation barrier

Question 49

Evolutionary process by which new species arise

Answer 49

Speciation

Question 50

Occurs when populations are in separate, non over-lapping geographic areas

Answer 50

Allopatric

Question 51

Occurs when populations are in same geographic area

Answer 51

Sympatry

Question 52

Occurs when reproductive barriers prevent or strongly limit reproduction between populations

Answer 52

Reproductive isolation

Question 53

Occurs when sperm or pollen from one species fails to penetrate and fertilize the egg of another species

Answer 53

Gametic incompatibility

Question 54

Divergence in traits between population that prevents fertilization

Answer 54

Prezygotic isolation

Question 55

Hybrid offspring that are sterile/infertile

Answer 55

Postzygotic isolation

Question 56

Breeding at different times pf the year

Answer 56

Temporal isolation

Question 57

Different calls/mating dances

Answer 57

Behavioral isolation

Question 58

Reciprocal evolutionary change between interacting species, driven by natural selection

Answer 58

Coevolution

Question 59

Selection that occurs in two species, due to their interactions with one another

Answer 59

Reciprocal selection

Question 60

A theory that proposes that the geographic structure of populations is central to the dynamics of coevolution

Answer 60

Geographic mosaic theory of coevolution

Question 61

Occurs when several harmful/distasteful species resemble each other in appearance, facilitating learned avoidance of predators

Answer 61

Mullerian mimicry

Question 62

Occurs when harmless species resemble harmful/distasteful species, deriving protection from predators in the process

Answer 62

Batesian mimicry

Question 63

An increase in genetic diversity caused by the heterogeneity of coevolutionary processes across the range of ecological partners

Answer 63

Diversifying coevolution

Question 64

Mutualistic organisms that live within the body or cells of another organism

Answer 64

Endosymbionts

Question 65

An RNA virus that uses an enzyme called reverse transcriptase to become part of the host cells' DNA

Answer 65

Retrovirus