Kingdom Plantae

Question 1

Alternation of Generations

Answer 1

Two different life cycles.

Fertilization -> Sporophyte (2n) -> Meiosis -> Spore(n) -> Gametophyte(n) -> Mitosis -> Gametes(n) -> Fertilization

Question 2

Gametophyte

Answer 2

Haploid generation that produces gametes through mitosis.

Question 3

Sporophyte

Answer 3

Diploid generation that produces haploid spores through meiosis.

Question 4

Gametangia

Answer 4

Gamete producing structures

Question 5

Antheridia

Answer 5

Male, sperm-producing gametangia

Question 6

Archegonia

Answer 6

Female, egg-producing gametangia

Question 7

Sporangia

Answer 7

Produce haploid spores

Question 8

Isomorphic Generations

Answer 8

Some algae.

Sporophyte and gametophyte generations look identical

Question 9

Heteromorphic Generations

Answer 9

Land plants

Sporophyte and gametophyte generations look different.

Question 10

Bryophytes

Answer 10

Descriptive, non-taxidermic category for plants belonging to three different Divisions.
Division Bryophyta, Anthocerophyta and Hepatophyta
Lack vascular tissue.
Dominance of gametophyte generation
Thought to have evolved from algae
Evolutionary dead-end
Unable to regulate water balance but can go dormant when exposed to drought.

Question 11

Division Bryophyta

Answer 11

Mosses
>14,000 species
Mnium, Polytrichum, Sphagnum
Have phyllids and caulids
Monoecious and dioecious
Contain rhizoids

Question 12

Phyllids

Answer 12

Leaf-like structures spirally arranged on caulids

Question 13

Caulids

Answer 13

Stem-like structures containing phyllids

Question 14

Monoecious

Answer 14

Mnium
One house
Both antheridia and archegonia are present in same plant

Question 15

Dioecious

Answer 15

Polyteichum
Two houses
Separate male and female gametophytes

Question 16

Division Hepatophyta

Answer 16

Liverworts (Marchantia, Porella, Conocephalum, Riccia)
Simplest Bryophytes
> 9,000 species worldwide
Great diversity of body forms
Some contain phyllids and caulks
Contain rhizoids
Sperm have two flagella and require water to swim

Question 17

Rhizoids

Answer 17

Anchor plant on its substrate, but do not conduct water and nutrients to the plant.
Not true roots, no vascular tissue

Question 18

Division Anthocerophyta

Answer 18

Hornworts
> 300 species
Get name from long, hornlike sporangia
Sporophyte gen. can outlive gametophyte gen.
Have true stomata in epidermis

Question 19

Seedless Vascular Plants

Answer 19

Contain true xylem and phloem
Can control their water balance
Have true roots that can absorb water
Life cycles are dominated by sporophyte gen.
Three Divisions

Question 20

Xylem

Answer 20

True vascular tissue to distribute water from roots throughout the plant

Question 21

Phloem

Answer 21

Distribute the products of photosynthesis to plant tissues

Question 22

Division Lycophyta

Answer 22

Club Mosses (Selaginella, Lycopodium)
Moist environments (Selaginella also found in deserts, often called “resurrection plant”)
Often resemble small pine tress
Have true roots, stems and leaves
Club or cone-shaped sporangia on their stems called strobili.
Flagellated
Homospory and heterospory

Question 23

Strobili

Answer 23

Clusters of spore-bearing leaves called sporophylls

Question 24

Homospory

Answer 24

Spore mother cells undergo meiosis to produce one type of spore

Question 25

Heterospory

Answer 25

When two different types of spores are produced. Megaspores and microspores Selaginella.

Question 26

Megaspores

Answer 26

Larger spores that germinate to form female gametophytes

Question 27

Microspores

Answer 27

Smaller spores that germinate to form male gametophytes

Question 28

Division Sphenophyta

Answer 28

Horestails (Equisetum) Only one genus and species remain Huge tree-size reps. were common during age of Dinosaurs. Strobili resemble tapered ends of horses' tails Cell walls contain silica Often called "scouring rushes"

Question 29

Division Pterophyta

Answer 29

Ferns | Whisk Ferns and Classic or "True" Ferns

Question 30

Whisk Ferns

Answer 30

Psilotum Sometimes divided into own Division (Psilophyta). Very common in Florida Very simple and primitive in appearance May resemble very earliest vascular plants on Earth Lack true roots Usually participate in symbiotic relationship with fungus

Question 31

Classic or "True" Ferns

Answer 31

``` Well represented in Florida > 12,000 species Some "resurrection ferns" Tree ferns can grow more than 60 feet in height, while smallest aquatic ferns can be 1 - 2 cm. Only group in which evolution appears to be ongoing Have true leaves called fronds Grow along underground rhizome Top of sporangium is hygroscopic. ```

Question 32

Fronds

Answer 32

True leaves (mature) Generally large, macrophylls. Compound in form and divided. One fertile frond can release millions of spores per year

Question 33

Fiddlehead

Answer 33

``` True leaves (immature) Curled form of a young frond before unfurling ```

Question 34

Rhizome

Answer 34

Horizontal stem | Can live for hundreds of years

Question 35

Hygroscopic

Answer 35

Sensitive to the presence of water