Klein

Question 1

Theory that emphasized the nurturing and loving
relationship between parent and child

Answer 1

Object relations theory

Question 2

• psychic representations of
  unconscious id instincts

Answer 2

Phantasies

Question 3

• earliest object relations are

Answer 3

Mother’s breast

Question 4

the hunger drive has the good
breast as its object, the sex drive has

Answer 4

Sexual organ as its object

Question 5

are more than
internal thoughts about external
objects; they are fantasies of
internalizing the object in concrete
and physical terms

Answer 5

Introjected objects

Question 6

ways of dealing with both internal and external objects; the dichotomy of their feelings

Answer 6

Position

Question 7

way of organizing experiences that
includes both paranoid feelings of being
persecuted and a splitting of internal
and external objects into the good and
the bad

Answer 7

Paranoid-schizoid position

Question 8

the feelings of anxiety over losing a
loved object coupled with a sense of
guilt for wanting to destroy that objec

Answer 8

Depressive position

Question 9

infants fantasize taking into their
body those perceptions and
experiences that they have had with
the external object, originally the
mother’s breast

Answer 9

Introjection

Question 10

the fantasy that one’s own feelings and
impulses actually reside in another
person and not within one’s body

Answer 10

Projection

Question 11

keeping apart incompatible impulses

Answer 11

Splitting

Question 12

• a psychic defense mechanism in which
  infants split off unacceptable parts of
  themselves, project them into another
  object, and finally introject them back
  into themselves in a changed or
  distorted form

Answer 12

Projective identification

Question 13

mean that the person takes in (introjects) aspects of the external world and organizes those introjections into a psychologically meaningful framework

Answer 13

Internalization

Question 14

Focused on independence, how the child grows
entirely dependent being to one who is relatively
independent, both physically and psychologically

Answer 14

Margaret Mahler
(1897–1985)

Question 15

meant that the
child becomes an individual separate
from his or her primary caregiver, an
accomplishment that leads ultimately
to a sense of identity

Answer 15

Psychological birth

Question 16

internal process of
mental separation from the mother

Answer 16

Separation

Question 17

developing selfconcept

Answer 17

Individuation

Question 18

children become psychologically separated from
their mothers, achieve a sense of individuation, and begin to
develop feelings of personal identity

Answer 18

Separation individuation

Question 19

emphasized the process by which the self evolves from a vague and undifferentiated image to a clear and precise sense of individual identity

Answer 19

Heinz Kohut
(1913–1981)

Question 20

“the center of the
individual’s psychological universe

Answer 20

Self (according to Kohut)

Question 21

refers to a person’s ability to maintain a
positive and stable sense of self-esteem, develop healthy
ambitions, and commit to meaningful tasks and projects.

Answer 21

Grandiosity axis

Question 22

Idealization axis

Answer 22

refers to the development of a person’s
ability to form and maintain a stable system of goal-setting
ideals

Question 23

refers to the development of a person’s ability to communicate feelings to significant others, form intimate relationships, and become part of larger groups and organizations

Answer 23

alter ego–connectedness axis

Question 24

three cardinal self-object needs

Answer 24

Mirroring, Idealization, Twinship

Question 25

is a need to be admired for one’s qualities and accomplishments

Answer 25

Mirroring

Question 26

is a need to form an idealized image of significant others and to experience a sense of merging with the resulting idealized selfobjects

Answer 26

Idealization

Question 27

is a need to feel similar to others and be included in relationships with them

Answer 27

Twinship

Question 28

realized that object relations theory could be integrated with an evolutionary perspective

Answer 28

John Bowlby (1907–1990)

Question 29

when their caregiver is out of sight, infants will cry, resist soothing by other people, and search for their caregiver

Answer 29

Protest stage

Question 30

as separation continues, infants become quiet, sad, passive, listless, and apathetic

Answer 30

Depair

Question 31

during this stage, infants become emotionally detached from other people, including their caregiver

Answer 31

Detachment

Question 32

She and her colleagues developed a technique for measuring the type of attachment style that exists between caregiver and infant, known as the Strange Situation.

Answer 32

Mary Ainsworth (1919–1999)

Question 33

when their mother returns, infants are happy and enthusiastic and initiate contact

Answer 33

Secure attachment

Question 34

– infants are ambivalent, when their mother leaves the room, they become unusually upset, and when their mother returns they seek contact with her but reject attempts at being soothed

Answer 34

Anxious-resistant attachment style

Question 35

infants stay calm when their mother leaves; they accept the stranger, and when their mother returns, they ignore and avoid her

Answer 35

Anxious avoidant

Question 36

child has random outbursts and periods of unresponsiveness as well as spurts of sudden emotion; unpredictable behavior

Answer 36

*Disorganized/Disoriented attachment

Question 37

believe that young children express their conscious and unconscious wishes through play therapy

Answer 37

Play therapy

Question 38

Aim of this theory is to reduce depressive anxieties and persecutory fears and to mitigate the harshness of internalized objects.

Answer 38

Kleinian theory