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PSYC 211 > L1 > Flashcards

L1 Flashcards

1
Q

how many pairs of cranial nerves are there

A

12

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2
Q

how many spinal nerves are there

A

31 pairs

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3
Q

what are the cranial nerves responsible for

A

they connect directly to the brain and they are responsible for….

smell
vision 
eye movement 
trigeminal (facial sensation, mastication)
facial expression 
hearing and balance 
oral sensation, taste and salivation 
vagus (heart, lungs, digestion)
shoulder elevation and head turning 
tongue movement
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4
Q

what is a sensory dermatome

A

it is the map of the body where particular nerves are receiving information from

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5
Q

where is information leaving and and entering the spinal cord form

A

it enters from the dorsal region through unipolar sensory neurons

it efferent information leaves through the ventral region through multipolar motor neurons

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6
Q

what are the 3 divisions of the human brain

A

the forebrain, midbrain and the hindbrain

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7
Q

what are the divisions of the forebrain

A

the telencephalon and the diencephalon

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8
Q

what is the telencephalon

A

it is the cerebral cortex.

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9
Q

what is the diencephalon

A

it contains the thalamus, hypothalamus and the pineal gland

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10
Q

what causes there to be an ion greaident

A

ion pumps

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11
Q

what is a concentration gradient

A

different concentrations of an ion on either side of the membrane

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12
Q

what is an electrical gradient

A

unlike charges attract therefore ions are going to try and balance out the charges on either side of the membrane

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13
Q

how is information transmitted within a cell

A

through transient alterations in the membrane potential produced when ions are allowed to cross the membrane

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14
Q

what is the difference between a graded and an action potential

A

graded is a pulse in the dendrites and an action potential is actively propagated in the axon

action potential is over a long distance and graded is short

action potentials are all or none

graded potentials degrade over time, action potentials do not

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15
Q

how can channels on the membrane be opened or closed

A

by receptor activation, signaling molecules or an environmental change (eg light, sound, touch)

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16
Q

when the cell is at RMP what state is it in

A

at -70mV the cell is in its polarized state

17
Q

what is depolerisation

A

it is when Na enters the cell through voltage gated Na channels. the more Na that comes into the cell the more voltage gated Na channels that open

18
Q

what is the hodgkin huxley cycle

A

it starts with a synaptic or receptor potential that causes the depolerisation of the membrane

that then causes the opening of voltage gated Na channels which causes the flow of Na ions into the cell

that flow of ions courses further depolerisation of the membrane and you enter almost like a positive feedback loop

this is why Na into the cell causes the activation of more voltage gated Na channels

this is what causes the large and rapid response of the neuron

19
Q

describe the voltage trace of an action potential

A

you start at -70mV, if you reach threshold (-60mV) then the voltage gated Na channels open. this is the start of the rising phase.

at about -50mV the K+ channels open

at about +35mV the Na channels close and repolarisation starts

when the cell gets back down to RMP the K+ channels close and hyperpolarisation happens

20
Q

what is the range of conduction velocity of an action potential

A

0.5 - 2 m/s

21
Q

why are we able to have fast reaction times

A

because of myelination

22
Q

what are the nodes and internodes

A

the internodes are myelinated

the nodes work as boosters as they have a high conc of ion channels so that you are able to refire the action potential. this is what allows us to increase our conduction velocity to 100m/s

23
Q

what disease is a result of demyelination

A

multiple sclerosis

24
Q

state some symptoms of multiple sclerosis

A
  1. numbness/weakness in one or more limbs
  2. partial or complete loss of central vision (usually in one eye)
  3. double or blurry vision
  4. tingling or pain
  5. electric shock sensations that occur with certain head movements
  6. tremor/lack of coordination
  7. slurred speech
  8. fatigue
  9. dizziness
25
Q

why does multiple sclerosis have a wide range of symptoms

A

because you are losing the insulating layer of your neurons therefore action potentials are unable to be transduced as quickly

26
Q

how is usain bolt able to run so fast

A

because he runs reflexively

this means that he is running in an open loop system as he is acting without deciding what he is going to do (open loop is a spinal reflex). this is why you often see sprinters trip over nothing

27
Q

what is a closed loop system

A

when information is coming in and you plan a response

PSYC 211 (26 decks)

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