L1

Question 1

what is the CNS responsible for

Answer 1

it is the integrating and communication centre

Question 2

what is the PNS responsible for

Answer 2

it is the system linking all parts of the body to the CNS via nerves

Question 3

what are the 2 major PNS nerves

Answer 3

the peripheral (limbs) and cranial (face) nerves

Question 4

what are the major subdivisions of the CNS

Answer 4

the brain and the spinal coard

Question 5

the brain in a major subdivision of the CNS. this can be further broken down into

Answer 5

the forebrain, brainstem and the cerebellum

Question 6

what makes up the forebrain

Answer 6

the cerebral hemposhairs (cerebrum) and the diencephalon

Question 7

what makes up the brain stem

Answer 7

the midbrain, pons and medulla

Question 8

what makes up the hindbrain

Answer 8

the pons and the medulla

Question 9

what is the approx weight of the brain

Answer 9

1.5Kg

Question 10

the cerebrum makes up what % of the brain’s total volume

Answer 10

83%

Question 11

why does the cerebellum contain 50% of the brain’s neurons

Answer 11

it is a very procice structure

Question 12

what is another name for superior in the brain

Answer 12

dorsal

Question 13

what is another name for anterior in the brain

Answer 13

rostral

Question 14

what is another name for posterior in the brain

Answer 14

caudal

Question 15

what is another name for inferior in the brain

Answer 15

ventral

Question 16

if you were to cut the brain in the middle of the 2 hemispheres (cut the corpus callosum) what would that section be called

Answer 16

midsagittal

Question 17

what is another name for a horizontal section

Answer 17

transverse (separates top and bottom)

Question 18

what is another name for a sagittal section

Answer 18

longitudinal (between the eyes)

Question 19

what is another name for a vertical section

Answer 19

caronal (separates front and back)

Question 20

nerve tissue consists of 2 cell types, what are these

Answer 20

neurons (nerve cells) and support cells (glia)

Question 21

describe neurons

Answer 21

they are highly specialised, excitable cells which have a high metabolic rate.

they provide rapid and specific communication between regions of the body

Question 22

what are the 4 types of glia in the CNS

Answer 22

astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
microglia
ependymal cells

Question 23

what are some functions of astrocytes

Answer 23

offer structural support and regional metabolism

Question 24

what are some functions of oligodendrocytes

Answer 24

structural support and insulation

these are the schwann cells of the CNS

Question 25

what is the role of microglia

Answer 25

immune function

Question 26

what is the role of ependymal cells

Answer 26

to line the ventricles

Question 27

what is gray matter in the CNS

Answer 27

Nucleus

Question 28

what is gray matter in the PNS

Answer 28

ganglion

Question 29

what is white matter

Answer 29

axons

Question 30

what gives white matter its white colour

Answer 30

the lipid material in myelin sheaths

Question 31

in the brain where in gray matter located and why?

Answer 31

it is located on the outside of the cerebrum (the cortex) you should think that the 2 hemispheres are circles and gray matter is the outline of the circle therefore there is gray matter on the inside of the brain

Question 32

where in the brain is white matter

Answer 32

in the middle of the gray matter

Question 33

where is gray matter located in the spinal cord

Answer 33

on the inside (the butterfly)

Question 34

why do we have gray matter on the outside of the cerebrum but not on the outside of the spinal cord

Answer 34

because the brain is folded. the folding allows for more nerve cells to be crammed into the brain so that we can think, understand language/speech and have fine movement

Question 35

what are the external features of the brain

Answer 35

the dura mater, gyri, sulci and fissure

Question 36

what is a fissure

Answer 36

they separate large regions of the brain

Question 37

what are the 5 lobes of the brain

Answer 37

``` frontal parietal occipital temporal insula ```

Question 38

where is the insula located

Answer 38

it is buried deep within the lateral sulcus and forms part of its floor

Question 39

what is the insula hidden by

Answer 39

it is covered by portions of the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes

Question 40

when are you able to see the insula

Answer 40

when you open up the lateral sulcus

Question 41

what is the transverse fissure

Answer 41

it separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum

Question 42

what is the parieto-occipital sulcus

Answer 42

it separates the parietal and the occipital lobes

Question 43

when is the parieto-occipital sulcus visible

Answer 43

you can only see this from the medial surface of the brain (in a sagittal section)

Question 44

what makes up the diencephalon

Answer 44

the thalamus, hypothalamus and the pineal gland

Question 45

what is the width of the spinal cord

Answer 45

the same as your thumb

Question 46

what is the foramen magnum

Answer 46

the hole in the base of your skull

Question 47

where does the spinal cord extend from and to

Answer 47

the foramen magnum to the first or second lumbar vertebra

Question 48

how long is the spinal cord

Answer 48

about 42 cm

Question 49

how many pairs of spinal nerves are there

Answer 49

31

Question 50

there are 2 enlargements in the spinal cord. what are they called

Answer 50

the cervical and lumbar enlargements

Question 51

there are 2 enlargements in the spinal cord. why do we have these

Answer 51

because there are more motor neurons in these areas so that you are able to innovate your limbs

Question 52

what is the end of the spinal cord called

Answer 52

conus medullaris or the medullary cone

Question 53

what is the filum terminale

Answer 53

it extends from the conus medullaris to the posterior surface of the spinal cord this counts as a miningel layer

Question 54

what is the cauda equina

Answer 54

it is the pony tail the collection of nerve roots at the inferior end of the vertebral canal

Question 55

why do we have a cauda equina

Answer 55

because after birth the vertebral column grows faster than the spinal cord

Question 56

where is the median fissure located

Answer 56

anterior or ventrally

Question 57

where is the median sulcus located

Answer 57

posterior ot dorsally

Question 58

what is the central canal

Answer 58

the centre of the spinal cord

Question 59

what kind of information do the dorsal roots carry

Answer 59

afferent

Question 60

what kind of information do the ventral roots carry

Answer 60

efferent

Question 61

what kind of information do the spinal nerves carry

Answer 61

it is mixed both afferent and efferent

Question 62

what is another name for the spinal nerves

Answer 62

peripheral nerves

Question 63

what is paralysis

Answer 63

loss of motor function

Question 64

what is sensory loss called

Answer 64

paraesthesias

Question 65

the severity of the spinal cord injury depends on what

Answer 65

the level of the spine the injury occurs at

Question 66

at what levels would an injury to the spin cause high tetraplegia

Answer 66

C1 - C4

Question 67

what is tetraplegia

Answer 67

can't move upper and lower limb

Question 68

what happens if the injury to the spin is at C5 - C8

Answer 68

low tetraplegia may have some movement of the upper limb

Question 69

paraplegia is the result of in injury to what levels of the spine

Answer 69

thoracic, lumbar or sacral

Question 70

spinal cord injuries can either be......

Answer 70

complete or incomplete

Question 71

what would be the result if you were to damage the ventral part of the spine on your right side

Answer 71

motor loss (paralisis) on your right side

Question 72

what would be the result if you were to damage the dorsal part of the spine on your left side

Answer 72

sensory loss (paresthesias) on your left side

Question 73

what is the dura mater

Answer 73

it is the outermost layer of the miningies it is a thick layer f connective tissue (fibroblasts and collagen) that surrounds the brain it is very tough because of the collagen (makes it hard to stretch) and therefore is the main protective and supporting layer

Question 74

what are the 2 layers of the dura mater called

Answer 74

the periosteal and meningeal layer

Question 75

what is a venis sines

Answer 75

it is a space between the the periosteal and meningeal layer they are large veins which sit on the outside of the vain

Question 76

name one venis sines

Answer 76

the superior sagittal sinus

Question 77

what is the falx cerebri

Answer 77

it is a partition (structure which divides) which subdivides the cranial cavity to limit excessive movement of the brain within the cranium

Question 78

where is the falx cerebri located

Answer 78

in the longitudinal fissure can also be called he median sagittal plane

Question 79

what is the longitudinal fissure

Answer 79

the deep groove that separates the two cerebral hemispheres of the vertebrate brain

Question 80

what are the names of the 3 dural folds

Answer 80

falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli and the falx cerebelli

Question 81

where is the tentorium cerebelli located

Answer 81

it separates the cerebellum and the cerebrum in the horizontal plane

Question 82

where is the falx cerebelli located

Answer 82

it runs along the vermis of the cerebellum it separates the 2 cerebellar hemispheres

Question 83

where does the falx cerebri attach anteriorly

Answer 83

the crista galli

Question 84

where does the falx cerebri attach posteriorly

Answer 84

the upper surface of the tentorium cerebelli in the midline

Question 85

what is the subdural space

Answer 85

it is the space between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater it is very narrow (smaller than the arachnoid space) and contains a film of fluid

Question 86

what could the subdural space be enlarged by

Answer 86

bleading (subdural haemorrhage)